Since we have published the criteria for presentation and essay in the appropriate sections, it remains to publish only the criteria for assessing literacy and notes from the demo version of the OGE 2016.
Literacy assessment criteria
| № | Criteria for assessing the examinee’s literacy and actual speech accuracy | Points |
| GK1 | Compliance with spelling standards | |
| There are no spelling errors, or no more than one mistake was made. | 2 | |
| Two or three mistakes were made. | 1 | |
| Four or more errors were made. | 0 | |
| GK2 | Compliance with punctuation standards | |
| There are no punctuation errors, or no more than two errors were made. | 2 | |
| Three or four mistakes were made. | 1 | |
| Five or more errors were made. | 0 | |
| GK3 | Compliance with grammatical norms | |
| There are no grammatical errors or one mistake was made. | 2 | |
| Two mistakes were made. | 1 | |
| Three or more errors were made. | 0 | |
| GK4 | Compliance with speech norms | |
| There are no speech errors, or no more than two errors were made. | 2 | |
| Three or four mistakes were made. | 1 | |
| Five or more mistakes were made | 0 | |
| FC1 | Factual accuracy of written language | |
| There are no factual errors in the presentation of the material, as well as in the understanding and use of terms. | 2 | |
| There was one error in the presentation of the material or the use of terms. | 1 | |
| Two or more errors were made in the presentation of the material or the use of terms. | 0 | |
| Maximum number of points for essay and presentation according to the criteria of FC1, GK1–GK4 | 10 |
Notes
When assessing literacy (GC1–GC4), the volume of presentation and composition should be taken into account.
The standards indicated in the table are used to check and evaluate presentation and essays, the total volume of which is 140 words or more.
If the total volume of the essay and presentation is 70–139 words, then for each of the criteria GK1–GK4 no more than 1 point is given:
GK1 – 1 point is given if there are no spelling errors or one minor mistake is made;
GK2 – 1 point is given if there are no punctuation errors or one minor error is made;
GK3 – 1 point is given if there are no grammatical errors;
GK4 – 1 point is given if there are no speech errors.
If the presentation and the essay as a whole contain less than 70 words, then such work according to the criteria of GK1–GK4 is scored zero points. If a student has completed only one type of creative work (or
presentation, or essay), then assessment according to the criteria of GK1–GK4 is also carried out in accordance with the amount of work:
– if the work contains at least 140 words, then literacy is assessed according to the table above;
– if the work contains 70–139 words, then for each of the criteria GK1–GK4 no more than 1 point is given (see above);
– if the work contains less than 70 words, then such work according to the criteria of GK1–GK4 is assessed with zero points.
Maximum points, which the examinee can receive for completing the entire examination work, – 39
.
In accordance with the Procedure for conducting state final certification for educational programs of basic general education (order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated December 25, 2013 No. 1394, registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on February 3, 2014 No. 31206) “48. Examination papers are checked by two experts. Based on the results of the check, the experts independently assign points for each answer to the tasks of the examination work... In the event of a significant discrepancy in the points given by two experts, a third check is assigned. Significant discrepancy in scores
defined in the assessment criteria for the relevant academic subject. The third expert is appointed by the chairman of the subject commission from among experts who have not previously checked the examination work. The third expert is provided with information about the scores assigned by the experts who previously checked the student’s examination work. The scores awarded by the third expert are final.”
A discrepancy of 10 or more points awarded by two experts for completing tasks 1 and 15 is considered significant (scores for all positions (criteria) for assessing the task are summed up
each expert: IC1–IC3, S1K1–S1K4, S2K1–S2K4, S3K1–S3K4, GK1–GK4, FC1). In this case, the third expert rechecks tasks 1 and 15 for all assessment positions. For completing the examination work, a mark is given on a five-point scale.
The mark “2” is given if the student scored no more than 14 points (from 0 to 14) for completing all parts of the examination work.
The mark “3” is given if the student scores no less than 15 and no more than 24 points (from 15 to 24) for completing all parts of the examination work.
The mark “4” is given if the student scores no less than 25 and no more than 33 points (from 25 to 33) for completing all parts of the examination work. In this case, the student must score at least 4 points for literacy (criteria GK1–GK4). If, according to the criteria of GK1–GK4, a student scores less than 4 points, a mark of “3” is given.
The mark “5” is given if the student scores no less than 34 and no more than 39 points (from 34 to 39) for completing all parts of the examination work. In this case, the student must score at least 6 points for literacy (criteria GK1–GK4). If, according to the criteria of GK1–GK4, a student scores less than 6 points, a mark of “4” is given.
Spring is a busy time for graduates of grades 9 and 11, because they will have to take exams. Ninth-graders take the OGE, the Main State Exam, in order to advance to high school. 11th graders take the Unified State Exam (USE) in order to enter a university and receive higher education.
Passing the OGE by ninth-graders also provides an opportunity to enter technical schools and colleges, as it also serves as an entrance exam to institutions of secondary vocational education.
The main state exam is held to control the knowledge acquired by students over 9 years of schooling. At the end of 9th grade, students take the OGE in four subjects, 2 of which are compulsory and 2 more are optional. Mandatory OGE are established in the subjects Russian language and mathematics.
The following subjects are available for selection: social studies, physics, chemistry, biology, history, literature, computer science, geography, English, French, German, Spanish.
The OGE takes place in 3 periods. The early period is one of the first. A certain category of students is allowed to join it, these are athletes who will soon go to competitions, students who have taken part in olympiads and other competitions, students who are going for treatment, as well as those who travel abroad to study, or those who studied abroad.
The main period is the passing of the OGE by students in grades 9 who are not included in the list of criteria for passing in the early period.
An additional period is held for those who, for good reason, could not appear for the OGE in the main one, as well as for those who studied abroad and for students who did not pass the OGE in previous periods.
OGE how many points are given for an essay: criteria for assessing the exam in the Russian language
For each of the subjects for which the OGE is taken, its own maximum point mark has been established. For the Russian language the maximum is 39 points. A special scale is used to convert points into assessment using a 5-point system.
So, if the examinee scored from 0 to 14 points in the Russian language, this is 2, 15-24 points - 3, 25-33 points with the definition of literacy criteria and actual speech accuracy of 4 points will bring 4. In order to get a 5 in the OGE in the Russian language, you need to score from 34 to 39 points, with literacy criteria of 6 points.
The essay in the exam is an important part of it; without the essay, the exam will be considered failed. Writing an essay belongs to the 3rd part of the OGE and is performed in several versions. This is either writing an essay-argument on a linguistic topic, or expressing your opinion or answer to one of the proposed questions.
The essay is assessed according to the criteria of literacy and actual accuracy of speech. For it you can get a maximum of 9 points, plus an additional 10 points for parts 1 and 3, taking into account literacy and accuracy of speech.
The assessment includes:
Availability of a reasonable answer;
Availability of examples of arguments;
Semantic integrity, speech coherence and consistency of the essay;
Compositional harmony of the work.
These criteria include theoretical reflection, written without errors or at most 1, giving reasoned examples indicating their role, verbal coherence of the text and the sequence of its presentation with established paragraphs, orderliness and logical conclusion of the presentation.
The greatest anxiety among ninth-graders is caused by the first exams in their lives. The main state exam is a test of students' knowledge of the basic school course, after which the question is decided: whether to continue studying in grades 10 and 11 or enter a secondary vocational institution. One of the main compulsory subjects in 9th grade (along with mathematics) is the Russian language. All graduates of the current 2018-2019 academic year will have to take the OGE in the Russian language of the 2019 academic year. To successfully cope with this exam, you need to sit down with your textbooks now and start preparing.
News about the OGE in Russian language
The developers of test and measurement materials for the Russian language exam have not made any changes to the structure and content for the last few years.
Oral part
The only innovation that arose in the 2017-2018 academic year is. Last year, this type of exam was approbation and did not affect the admission of ninth-graders to take other exams.
The graduate is given 15 minutes to give an oral answer, during which he must complete 4 tasks:
- It is expressive to read the proposed text about any outstanding person of the Russian Federation.
- Retell this text and include a quote appropriately.
- Choose one of the tasks and create a text constructed as one of the types of speech (description of a photograph, a narration about a real-life incident, a discussion on the topic given on the ticket).
- Enter into a dialogue with the teacher-examiner and answer the questions posed by him.
In the current 2019, the guys must try and successfully cope with a new type of certification for them. Moreover, there are retake stages:
- On the second working Wednesday in March.
- First working Monday in May.
The total number of points for completing all the work is 19.
The examinee receives credit if he scores 10 or more points for completing the work. Assessment criteria are included with the demo version.
Structure of the OGE in the Russian language
The structure of the tickets includes tasks covering testing of all types of language skills:
- first, the student will need to write a statement based on the audio text;
- then solve 13 more tasks, giving a short answer;
- in the last part, as in the first, there is only one task - an essay, for which you need to choose one topic from three proposed in the ticket.
However, ninth-graders have the opportunity to write their answers as correctly as possible - they will be given spelling dictionaries.
Concise presentation
The children will be asked to listen to the audio text twice with a five-minute break to write a concise summary.
Advice for ninth graders.
- When writing down the text in a draft, make large indents between the lines so that later there is room for adding the rest of the thoughts of the text.
- When listening to the text for the first time, try to write down the main ideas of each paragraph. Shorten words to the extent of intelligibility.
- During the break between listening, restore more fully the thoughts that you managed to write down.
- On the second listen, write down any missing thoughts in your draft that will help you create a coherent text.
- Read what you got and rewrite the text on another sheet.
- Check if all three paragraphs are logically connected.
- Re-read the text for speech errors.
- Check your presentation for spelling errors.
- Check your punctuation and grammar.
- Re-read the result again and only then proceed to copy it into a clean copy - into a form.
Don't forget that you are allowed to use a spelling dictionary during the exam.!
Test part
There are 13 test tasks in the Russian language. It consists of tasks in the following sections of the Russian language:
| Job No. | Subject |
| 2 | Ability to extract information from read text |
| 3 | Expressive means of language |
| 4 | Spelling of prefixes |
| 5 | Spelling suffixes |
| 6 | Replacing a colloquial word with a stylistically neutral synonym |
| 7 | Replacing a phrase of one type of connection with another |
| 8 and 11 | Working with the grammatical basis of a sentence |
| 9 | Separate members of the sentence |
| 10 | Addresses and introductory words |
| 12 | Coordinating and subordinating connections in a complex sentence |
| 13 | Types of subordination of subordinate clauses in a complex sentence |
| 14 | Types of complex sentences with different types of connection |
Essay on the OGE
Creative work involves writing a short essay. Volume – at least 70 words.
The student will be asked to choose one type of task:
- 1 – linguistic essay.
- 2 – an essay requiring the meaning of the quotation to be revealed.
- 3 – work in which it is necessary to answer a moral question.
Performance evaluation
The maximum score for the entire work is 39.
This includes test scores (1 point for each correct answer).
Points for presentation and essay are summed up. This includes assessment for the content of the work and its literacy.
- “3” can be obtained by scoring 15 – 24 points;
- “4” – 25 – 33 points (provided that the graduate scored at least 4 points for the GK1–GK4 criteria, that is, for literacy);
- “5” – 34 – 39 points (provided that the graduate scored at least 6 points for the GK1–GK4 criteria, that is, for literacy).
How to prepare for the OGE in Russian?
Success comes to those who work! Moreover, systematically and systematically. Therefore, the student must:
- Get acquainted with the demo version of the exam.
- On the FIPI website in the “OBZ” section there is an open bank of tasks - listen to audio recordings and practice writing a concise summary.
- There you can also find examples of test tasks that make up the tasks for the real exam.
- Write essays on a chosen topic.
- You can prepare either independently or with a tutor if you need real help in the subject.
Collections of I.P. can serve as a supplement to preparation. Tsybulko - head of the federal subject commission on the Russian language.
A video about essay 15.3 in the OGE in Russian can be viewed here:
How to compress text correctly, what a microtheme is and why you need to know whether you are a visual or an auditory learner.
Foxford.Media
In the first part of the OGE in the Russian language, you need to write a brief summary. During the exam, an audio recording is played twice in which the actor reads a short text of about 150 words from three paragraphs. The first time is for familiarization, the second time is to consolidate what you have heard. The audio recording lasts 2.5–3 minutes. Between readings, give another 3-4 minutes to comprehend the text and work with notes in the draft. After the second listening, students begin to write a summary.
Types of perception
People perceive information differently. There are visual learners who assimilate it visually: to understand the text, they read it. And there are auditory learners who easily perceive text by ear.
What you do while listening to an audio recording depends on what type of perception you have.
If you are a visual person, immediately write down your abstracts in a draft. Ignore when they say “listen first” in the exam. Do what is convenient for you - after all, it will be easier for you to work with the written text later.
If you are an auditory learner, then listen carefully to the audio recording first. Even when everyone around you rushes to take notes in drafts, don’t write anything: sit and listen. You will have a break between readings to write down what you hear.
If you cannot determine your type of perception, ask someone to read two texts to you. With the first one, work as a visual person: write down the points immediately while reading. Listen to the second text first, and then write down everything you remember. Then see what you liked best and stick to that strategy as you prepare for and take the exam.
Stages of work on the presentation
1. First reading.
Visual learners: immediately write down what you hear. It is better to do this by shortening words and leaving large spaces between lines. Don't skimp on paper: you will be given as many drafts as you need.
Auditory learners: mentally highlight the most important things in the text and divide it into semantic parts in order to understand what is said in each of them. It is also worth immediately identifying the main topic of the text.
2. Break between readings.
Visual learners: complete the abbreviated words and skim what is written to understand what the text is about.
Auditory: Write down the key words, leaving large spaces between them. Try to immediately draw up a detailed outline of the text. Highlight the micro-topics of each of the three parts and formulate 1-2 sentences that contain the main idea of each paragraph.
3. Second reading.
Visuals: fill in the spaces left with what you didn’t write down the first time. It doesn’t matter if there is some space left: this is still a draft.
Auditory: Concretize the first impression of the text and, if possible, supplement the text’s outline. Pay attention to the logic of the author’s reasoning and compare it with your plan: highlight the supporting words and correlate the paragraphs with them.
4. Correction of the draft: find micro-topics, make an outline and separate the main information from the secondary.
Put together everything you wrote and make a condensed draft. Pay attention to the highlighted micro-topics: they should be connected and together form a logical text. Then read what you came up with.
5. Text compression: shorten what you write.
The summary must be at least 70 words. There is no maximum number limit, but if the text is large, you will be deducted points for the compression criterion. Therefore, re-read the text and think about how else it can be shortened. Then make final revisions and additions.
6. Work on the composition of the presentation: re-read the text for the third time.
Your text should have three paragraphs. One micro-topic - one paragraph. If there are fewer or more of them, points will be deducted from you. Check your draft twice, don't rush it. If the text is read in one breath and without hesitation, then you have a good presentation.
7. Content correction: correct errors and omissions, check spelling and punctuation.
Underline all the words whose spelling you are unsure of. Get a spelling dictionary and check them. A dictionary is required during the exam, and you have the right to use it.
8. Copying the final copy onto a form.
At this stage, we advise you to put aside your text and move on to the test or essay, and return to the first part at the end of the exam. This way you will have time to take a break from the presentation and look at it more detached. Allow at least one hour to rewrite your presentation and essay, as well as check what you have written.
Evaluation criteria
You can get a maximum of 7 points for your presentation. To earn them, you have to look at your work like an expert. To do this, check it according to the following criteria.
Microthemes. The topic is what the text is about. And it, as a rule, is revealed through several small subtopics.
A microtheme is the main idea of a paragraph; it reveals one problem. Your presentation should have three micro-topics and, accordingly, three paragraphs.
The first criterion for assessing presentation on the OGEText compression. Your presentation should not be verbose or detailed. To shorten it, use three compression methods:
1. Exception repetitions of words, homogeneous members, participial and participial phrases, introductory words.
“The Kremlin stones can sound. Each wall and dome has a special sound, and together they merge into a heroic symphony, performed by a huge orchestra from the pipes of the golden domes of the Kremlin.” → “Every stone, wall, dome of the Kremlin has its own sound, which merges into a single heroic symphony.”
2. Replacement words with synonyms or other parts of speech. For example, several nouns can be replaced by one pronoun.
“Men and women, old people and teenagers came out to protect their hometown.” → “All residents came out to protect their hometown.”
3. Merger several sentences into one.
“A calling is a small sprout of talent that has turned into a strong, mighty tree on the fertile soil of hard work. Without hard work, without self-education, this little sprout can wither on the vine.” → “A calling is a small sprout of talent, which without hard work can wither.”
- sequence of presentation;
- three micro-topics in three paragraphs;
- keywords.
What can be excluded when compressing text:
- examples, evidence, details, digressions;
- generalizing words and sentences;
- homogeneous members;
- repetitions;
- direct speech - we transfer it to indirect speech;
- a lengthy description of nature, feelings and moods.
The first paragraph is the hardest to condense because it is the most memorable and students write it down in detail. And the last paragraph is forgotten, so it is well shortened. Be sure to check the first paragraph of your presentation.
The second criterion for assessing presentation on the OGESeparating paragraphs. Each paragraph should have a complete thought.
| Semantic integrity, speech coherence and consistency of presentation | Points |
|---|---|
- there are no logical errors, the sequence of presentation is not broken, - there are no violations of paragraph division of the text in the work. | 2 |
| The work of the examinee is characterized by semantic integrity, verbal coherence and consistency of presentation: but there was 1 logical error and/or there is 1 violation of paragraph division of the text in the work. | 1 |
| The examinee’s work reveals a communicative intent, but more than 1 logical error was made and/or there are 2 cases of violation of paragraph division of the text. | 0 |
How to prepare
On the FIPI website there is an open bank of tasks with audio recordings that will be on the exam. Open materials and practice writing summaries. Perhaps one of these texts will come across to you on the OGE.
For example, let's take this text. Listen to it carefully twice and write down micro-topics and keywords. Then check this table:
| Microthemes | Keywords | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kindness is the basis of a person’s spiritual beauty, and there is no need to be ashamed of it. | Question - answers, kind, spiritual beauty. |
| 2 | Good feelings should be cultivated from childhood along with knowledge of the value of life. | Caring, being brought up in childhood, the value of life, actions in the name of good. |
| 3 | Good feelings, emotional culture are the focus of humanity. The path of goodness is the only true path in life for a person. | The path of goodness. In a world where there is a lot of evil. Useful to people and society. |
Write your summary and check it twice. Check if it meets all the criteria:
- all three micro-topics are transmitted;
- all three micro-topics are compressed;
- the text is clearly divided into three paragraphs;
- no logical errors.
The more statements you write and check, the more comfortable you will feel during the exam.
In the first task of the OGE in Russian you need to write summary of at least 70 words. A condensed presentation is not a simple retelling, but a new, created text based on the sound. The presentation should be short in form, but not poor in content; it should convey the information of the primary text briefly and generally. However, when compressing the text, it is necessary to remember that the new text being created must reflect the main thoughts of the author and maintain a logical sequence of events. In addition, distortions of the author's thoughts are unacceptable.
First, let's look at what criteria you need to follow in order to score the maximum number of points for your presentation.
| № | Criteria for evaluating concise presentation | Points |
| IR1 | Contents of the presentation | |
| The examinee accurately conveyed the main content of the text he listened to, reflecting All micro-themes important for his perception. | 2 | |
| But I missed or added 1 micro-topic. | 1 | |
| The examinee conveyed the main content of the text he listened to, But missed or added more than 1 microtheme. | 0 | |
| IR2 | Source text compression | |
| The examinee applied 1 or more text compression techniques, using them throughout the entire text. | 3 | |
| The examinee applied 1 or more text compression techniques, using them to compress 2 text microtopics. | 2 | |
| The examinee applied 1 or more text compression techniques, using them to compress 1 micro-topic of text. | 1 | |
| The examinee did not use text compression techniques. | 0 | |
| IR3 | Semantic integrity, speech coherence and consistency of presentation | |
| The work of the examinee is characterized by semantic integrity, verbal coherence and consistency of presentation: there are no logical errors, the sequence of presentation is not broken; There are no violations of paragraph division of the text in the work. | 2 | |
| The work of the examinee is characterized by semantic integrity, coherence and consistency of presentation, But 1 logical error was made, and/or There is 1 violation of paragraph division of the text in the work. | 1 | |
| The examinee’s work reveals a communicative intent, But more than 1 logical error was made, and/or There are 2 cases of violation of paragraph division of the text. | 0 | |
| Maximum points for a concise presentation according to IK1-IKZ criteria | 7 | |
As can be seen from the table, the main criterion is proper text compression. It is not enough to simply retell everything the author says; it is necessary to present information in a compressed form using special text compression techniques.
All information in the text is divided into main and secondary. Your task - keep the main information and get rid of the secondary information. You can do this using the following methods.
BASIC TEXT COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES
1. EXCEPTION.
Elimination of repetitions.
Feelings are a person's internal relationship to the environment. Feelings are an integral part of our personality.
↓↓↓
Feelings are a person’s internal relationship to the environment is an integral part of our personality.
Exclusion of one or more of the synonyms.
with open, simple-minded, clear persons.
↓↓↓
Gilyarovsky was the trustee of one of the schools near Serpukhov. And there is a photograph of the students: village kids with clear persons.
Exclusion of clarifying, explanatory, introductory constructions.
Such "experts" , of course, they are not surprised at anything , and consequently, and are unable to make a discovery , even the smallest. In my opinion, people for whom everything is clear are hopeless people.
↓↓↓
Such “experts” are not surprised by anything and are not able to make a discovery. People for whom everything is clear are hopeless people.
Excluding a sentence fragment that has less significant meaning.
Why did Kuprin change his professions so often? What force pushed him to pull on a canvas robe, put on a helmet and race on fire horses? What made him spend days, until his hands ached, unloading barges with watermelons, bricks, and cement?
↓↓↓
Why did Kuprin change his professions so often?
A comment: The most important of the three sentences is the first. The second and third only expand and specify the meaning of the first. Therefore, we can use the technique of eliminating sentences: leaving only the first of the three.
Elimination of homogeneous terms in a generalizing word.
There are people for whom everything is always clear. They, in their opinion, know best in politics, medicine, education - in short, in all areas of human knowledge and activity.
↓↓↓
There are people for whom everything is always clear. They, in their opinion, are the best versed in any area of human knowledge and activity.
Elimination of one or more sentences.
The relationship between teenagers and parents is a banal topic for popular scientific psychological and pedagogical articles. It seems that everything that can be said and written about this has been written and said many times and is already familiar to everyone, as they say, to the point of toothache. Therefore, when starting it again, you involuntarily experience a feeling of some awkwardness.
↓↓↓
The relationship between teenagers and parents is a trivial topic for popular scientific psychological and pedagogical articles. Therefore, when starting it again, you involuntarily experience a feeling of some awkwardness.
2. GENERALIZATION.
Replacement of homogeneous members with a general name.
no one whispers, rustles candy papers, coughs, or chairs creak.
↓↓↓
Many argue that listening to music at home is even better than in the hall: no one interferes.
Replacing direct speech with indirect speech.
“Madam, you gave them a moment of happiness, allowing them to forget their daily worries for a moment,” the maid answered the great ballerina’s question.
↓↓↓
The maid replied that the ballerina, with her art, gave those around her a moment of happiness.
Replacing a sentence or part of it with a defining or negative pronoun with a general meaning.
neither Pushkin, nor Yazykov, nor Zhukovsky cannot yet give an answer to the alarming question that is connected with the future of the country:
And where will you put your hooves?
↓↓↓
Poets and writers of that time were concerned with these problems. But nobody
cannot yet give an answer to the alarming question that is connected with the future of the country:
Where are you galloping, proud horse?
And where will you put your hooves?
3. SIMPLIFICATION.
Merging several sentences into one.
Reading aloud at home brings us closer together. When the whole family reads the same book together for several evenings in a row, this involuntarily entails an exchange of thoughts. If the book is large and read for a long time, it turns into a family friend, its characters come to life and enter our home.
↓↓↓
Reading aloud at home brings people closer together, because it involuntarily entails an exchange of thoughts.
If the book is large and read for a long time, it turns into a family friend, its characters come to life and enter our home.
Replacing a sentence or part of it with a demonstrative pronoun.
Knowing how to make friends and love is a great art. Psychologists often say that love and friendship must pass certain tests, a test of strength.
↓↓↓
Knowing how to make friends and love is a great art. About this psychologists often say.
Replacing a complex sentence with a simple one.
Mood mainly depends not from events as such, but from how we perceive them.
↓↓↓
The mood depends not on the events themselves, but on our perception of them.
Replacing a sentence fragment with a synonymous expression.
a) replacing the attributive clause with a synonymous definition;
Car models, which are equipped the route on which the competition takes place,
↓↓↓
Car models, supplied electric motors, take part in real sports competitions. Configuration competition tracks includes high-speed sections, profiled turns, jumps and slides.
b) replacing the adverbial adverbial clause with a synonymous participial phrase;
When you analyze events When you talk about it
↓↓↓
Analyzing events related to the past, remember the future. Speaking of which what is and what will be, do not forget what was.
c) reducing the number of parts of a complex sentence.
then unpleasant experiences arise, so that we begin to feel unhappy.
↓↓↓
If in some situation we acted to our detriment, then unpleasant experiences arise.
