The dynasty of Morozov merchants begins with Savva Vasilyevich Morozov, whose intelligence and perseverance became the basis of a huge industrial empire.

Savva Morozov was born in 1770 into a rather poor family. To pay off the army, he had to take out a large loan from the merchant Kononov, for whom he worked. No one expected that Morozov would be able to repay the debt, since it was an unaffordable amount for his family. However, having made considerable efforts, Savva Vasilyevich managed to pay everything off in 2 years, after which he opened his own workshop, where he was engaged in silk weaving.

The rise of the Morozovs' fortunes was helped by Napoleon, or rather by the burning of Moscow: the destruction of all the textile factories that were in the capital led to an urgent need for fabric. Savva Vasilyevich set up production and quickly earned capital from it. As a result, an entire cotton manufactory grew from one workshop.

The sons of Savva Morozov, there were 5 of them, continued the business and expanded the industry, taking over almost the entire textile market.

Morozov family tree

Morozov philanthropists

The Morozovs are famous not only as merchants. This family helped the development of the Russian economy and culture. Representatives of the family were never indifferent to ordinary people and the life of the country, so they constantly donated money to charity.

Children's Clinical Hospital No. 1 was built at the expense of Vikula Eliseevich Morozov, and Timofey Savvich financed the creation of a gynecological clinic. Their brother, David Ivanovich, was involved in the publication of such newspapers as “Russkoe Delo”, “Voice of Moscow” and “Russian Review”. Through his efforts, the railway from Belgorodsk to Glukhovo was also built.

Arseny Ivanovich Morozov made a huge contribution to the religious life of the country. Being one of the most famous and influential Old Believer church and public figures, Arseny Ivanovich was involved in improving the lives of workers. With his money, 15 churches, a hospital and a secondary school were built. He took care of the publication of textbooks for Old Believer schools and headed the choir, which received recognition throughout Russia.

Another branch of the Morozov family was glorified by Varvara Alekseevna, who spared no effort and money for charity. Thanks to her investments, a psychiatric clinic was built in Moscow and Shanyavsky University was organized. In addition, Varvara Alekseevna published the newspaper “Russian Vedomosti”, sponsored the Museum of Handicrafts in Moscow and was the chairman of the women’s club.

Mikhail Abramovich Morozov, who is the author of works on history and a collector, contributed to the cultural heritage of the country. Throughout his life, Mikhail Abramovich managed to collect the most beautiful works of both Russian and European artists. According to the will of the patron of arts, all paintings became the property of the Tretyakov Gallery.

Members of the Morozov family in portraits of Valentin Serov

Mikhail Mikhailovich Morozov (Mika) lived a fruitful life. Known as an outstanding art connoisseur and Shakespeare scholar. V. A. Serov managed to capture in 4-year-old Mika restlessness, interest in the world around him and childish spontaneity - those qualities that remained with the portrayed person for the rest of his life.

Mikhail Abramovich - art collector, philanthropist. He is the only one from the Morozov family who was very pleased with the work of V.A. Serov, although many contemporaries considered the portrait partly parody.

Ivan Abramovich was a famous connoisseur and collector of Western European painting. In the portrait of V.A. Serov, he is depicted against the background of a painting by Mathis that belongs to him.

Margarita Kirillovna Mamontova (Morozova) - the wife of Mikhail Abramovich, is known for her philanthropic activities and participation in religious and philosophical societies in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

Art historians suggest that there are other portraits of V.A. Serov, depicting members of the Morozov dynasty. Perhaps they are not known to the general public, because... are kept in private collections.

The Morozov dynasty is considered one of the most famous in Russia. Occupying first places in the development of the textile industry, representatives of the great family spared no expense in improving the lives of ordinary people, which served as the basis for good fame and respect.

The Morozovs' homeland was the region of Guslitsa, which covered the southern part of the Bogorodsky and Bronnitsky districts of the Moscow province, including Yegoryevsky and Pokrovsky, adjacent to the lands of the Ryazan and Vladimir provinces. It was inhabited mainly by Old Believers, to whom the Morozovs initially belonged.

The Morozovs are an Old Believer family of merchants and industrialists. Morozov, Savva Vasilyevich () the first of the merchants, founder of the Nikolskaya (Orekhovo-Zuyevo) and Bogorodskaya manufactories (Noginsk) Morozov, Savva Vasilyevich () the first of the merchants, founder of the Nikolskaya (Orekhovo-Zuevo) and Bogorodskaya manufactories (Noginsk) Morozov, Elisey Savvich () co-owner (with his brother Timofey) of the Nikolskaya manufactory. Morozov, Elisey Savvich () co-owner (with his brother Timofey) of the Nikolskaya manufactory. Vikula Eliseevich Morozov (died October 28, 1894) managed and expanded his father’s business. Vikula Eliseevich Morozov (died October 28, 1894) managed and expanded his father’s business. Morozov, Alexey Vikulovich () industrialist, collector, handed over the business to his brother Ivan in 1900. Morozov, Alexey Vikulovich () industrialist, collector, handed over the business to his brother Ivan in 1900. Morozov, Fedor Vikulovich (). Morozov, Fedor Vikulovich (). Morozov, Ivan Vikulovich () since 1900, owner of the “Partnership of Vikula Morozov’s Sons”. Morozov, Ivan Vikulovich () since 1900, owner of the “Partnership of Vikula Morozov’s Sons”. Morozov, Zakhar Savvich () from the beginning of 1840 headed the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya paper manufactory. Morozov, Zakhar Savvich () from the beginning of 1840 headed the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya paper manufactory. Morozov, Ivan Zakharovich () Morozov, Ivan Zakharovich () Morozov, Arseny Ivanovich () under him, business at the Bogorodskaya manufactory reached its highest development. Morozov, Arseny Ivanovich () under him, business at the Bogorodskaya manufactory reached its highest development. Morozov, Sergey Arsenievich (Siblag Novosibirsk) builder and chairman of the board of the Bogorodsky real school. Morozov, Sergey Arsenievich (Siblag Novosibirsk) builder and chairman of the board of the Bogorodsky real school. Morozov, Pyotr Arsenievich Chairman of the Council at the Moscow Weaving School. Morozov, Pyotr Arsenievich Chairman of the Council at the Moscow Weaving School.

Morozov, David Ivanovich Morozov, David Ivanovich Morozov, Nikolai Davidovich head of the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya manufactory; in exile since 1918. Morozov, Nikolai Davidovich, head of the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya manufactory; in exile since 1918. Morozov, Ivan Davidovich (e) shareholder and representative of the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya manufactory in Moscow. Morozov, Ivan Davidovich (e) shareholder and representative of the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya manufactory in Moscow. Morozov, Nikolai Ivanovich Morozov, Nikolai Ivanovich Morozov, Yuri Ivanovich in the Tretyakov Gallery there is his portrait by V. A. Serov. Morozov, Yuri Ivanovich, in the Tretyakov Gallery there is his portrait by V. A. Serov. Morozov, Abram Savvich () inherited the Tver manufactory. Morozov, Abram Savvich () inherited the Tver manufactory. Morozov, Abram Abramovich () husband of Varvara Alekseevna Khludova. Morozov, Abram Abramovich () husband of Varvara Alekseevna Khludova. Morozov, Mikhail Abramovich () known as “Gentleman”, entrepreneur, philanthropist, art collector; wife Margarita Kirillovna Mamontova (). Morozov, Mikhail Abramovich () known as “Gentleman”, entrepreneur, philanthropist, art collector; wife Margarita Kirillovna Mamontova (). Morozov, Mikhail Mikhailovich Shakespeare scholar; his portrait (Mika Morozov) by V. A. Serov is in the Tretyakov Gallery. Morozov, Mikhail Mikhailovich Shakespeare scholar; his portrait (Mika Morozov) by V. A. Serov is in the Tretyakov Gallery. Morozov, Ivan Abramovich (in exile) entrepreneur, collector of Western European and Russian paintings; member of the board of trustees of the Moscow Commercial Institute; to Managing Director of the Tver Manufactory. Morozov, Ivan Abramovich (in exile) entrepreneur, collector of Western European and Russian paintings; member of the board of trustees of the Moscow Commercial Institute; to Managing Director of the Tver Manufactory. Morozov, Arseny Abramovich () owner of a mansion on Vozdvizhenka. Morozov, Arseny Abramovich () owner of a mansion on Vozdvizhenka. Morozov, Timofey Savvich () co-founder of the Moscow Merchant Bank in Moscow and the Volzhsko-Kama Bank in St. Petersburg, banks. Chairman of the Moscow Exchange ().. Morozov, Timofey Savvich () co-founder of the Moscow Merchant in Moscow and the Volzhsko-Kamsky in St. Petersburg, banks. Chairman of the Moscow Exchange ().. Morozov, Sergei Timofeevich () organizer of the Museum of Handicrafts. Morozov, Sergei Timofeevich () organizer of the Museum of Handicrafts. Morozov, Savva Timofeevich () head of the Nikolskaya manufactory, philanthropist. Morozov, Savva Timofeevich () head of the Nikolskaya manufactory, philanthropist. The Morozovs are an Old Believer family of merchants and industrialists.

The first of the Morozov family was the Zuev serf Vasily Fedorovich Morozov. Vasily Fedorovich Morozov was born on April 5, 1912. Vasily Fedorovich Morozov was born on April 5, 1912. He studied at the Tomsk Technical School of Railway Transport. I was at Komsomol work in the city of Krasnoyarsk. He studied at the Tomsk Technical School of Railway Transport. I was at Komsomol work in the city of Krasnoyarsk. He served in the Soviet Army in and since 1939. Member of the CPSU since 1939. In 1935 he graduated from the school of military technicians. He served in the Soviet Army in and since 1939. Member of the CPSU since 1939. In 1935 he graduated from the school of military technicians. At the front during the Great Patriotic War from July 5, 1941. He completed the “Shot” course at the front during the Great Patriotic War on July 5, 1941. He graduated from the Shot course in the Commander of the 1227th Infantry Regiment (369th Infantry Division, 70th Army, 2nd Belorussian Front), Lieutenant Colonel Morozov, distinguished himself during the crossing of the Oder. The regiment was one of the first on April 20, 1945 to cross the river near the city of Harz (Germany), captured an advantageous position, providing rifle and artillery units of the division with crossing to the west bank. At the most critical moments of the battle, he personally led the fighters into the attack. The commander of the 1227th Infantry Regiment (369th Infantry Division, 70th Army, 2nd Belorussian Front), Lieutenant Colonel Morozov, distinguished himself during the crossing of the Oder. The regiment was one of the first on April 20, 1945 to cross the river near the city of Harz (Germany), captured an advantageous position, providing rifle and artillery units of the division with crossing to the west bank. At the most critical moments of the battle, he personally led the fighters into the attack. The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded on June 29, 1945. The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded on June 29, 1945. In 1947 he retired to the reserve. Lived and worked in different cities of the country. Recently in Yalta (Crimea). Died February 11, 1972. In 1947 he retired to the reserve. Lived and worked in different cities of the country. Recently in Yalta (Crimea). Died February 11, 1972.

Savva Vasilyevich Morozov Savva Vasilyevich Morozov () the founder of a dynasty of textile manufacturers, being a serf, fished, herded cows, was a cab driver, then became a weaver in the silk establishment of I. Kononov. In 1797 he married Ulyana Afanasyevna, a serf, the daughter of a dyer. On the wedding day, the landowner Ryumin presented the newlyweds with a gift of 5 rubles Savva Vasilyevich Morozov () the founder of the dynasty of textile manufacturers, being a serf, fished, herded cows, was a cab driver, then became a weaver in the silk establishment of I. Kononov. In 1797 he married Ulyana Afanasyevna, a serf, the daughter of a dyer. On the wedding day, landowner Ryumin presented the newlyweds with a gift of 5 rubles in gold. It is believed that Savva Morozov opened “his own business” with this money. In the same gold. It is believed that Savva Morozov opened “his own business” with this money. Also in 1797, he created a silk weaving workshop and hired weavers. This was the beginning of the commercial and industrial business of the Morozovs, which existed until the Morozovs, which existed until 1917.

Nikolskaya Manufactory In 1823, Savva Morozov bought land on the right bank of the river from the landowner Ryumin. Klyazma and in 1830 transferred goods finishing and dyeing factories there from Zuev. This event marked the beginning of the growth of the industrial town of Nikolskoye (now Zuevo and Nikolskoye are part of the city of Orekhovo-Zuevo). In 1837, Morozov began building a cloth-spinning and weaving factory in Nikolskoye. In 1847 L. Knopp built for Morozov the largest paper spinning and weaving factory in Russia. In 1860, the sole firm was transformed into the trading house “Savva Morozov and his sons” on shares. In 1873, the trading house was renamed the Partnership of the Nikolskaya Manufactory “Savva Morozov’s Son and Co.” In 1823, Savva Morozov bought land on the right bank of the river from the landowner Ryumin. Klyazma and in 1830 transferred goods finishing and dyeing factories there from Zuev. This event marked the beginning of the growth of the industrial town of Nikolskoye (now Zuevo and Nikolskoye are part of the city of Orekhovo-Zuevo). In 1837, Morozov began building a cloth-spinning and weaving factory in Nikolskoye. In 1847 L. Knopp built for Morozov the largest paper spinning and weaving factory in Russia. In 1860, the sole firm was transformed into the trading house “Savva Morozov and his sons” on shares. In 1873, the trading house was renamed the Partnership of the Nikolskaya Manufactory “Savva Morozov’s Son and Co.”

Morozov Elisey Savvich co-owner (with his brother Timofey) of the Nikolskaya manufactory. co-owner (with his brother Timofey) of the Nikolskaya manufactory. Russian merchant, eldest son of S.V. Morozov, Old Believer. He received capital and a plot of land in Nikolskoye from his father, and in 1837 he organized his own manufactory with a distribution office and a dyeing shop. In 1858, with the help of his son Vikula, he built the first self-weaving factory in Russia for the production of harsh materials in Nikolskoye. Gradually he handed over all his affairs to his wife and son. He was a fanatical Old Believers of the Fedoseyevskoye Consent, adjacent to the Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery in Moscow. In was the trustee and custodian of the capital of one of the most populous prayer houses in Moscow - Pokrovskaya, founded several prayer houses in Moscow and Orekhov (now the city of Orekhovo-3uevo). He was engaged in theological issues; one of the Old Believer doctrines was named after him (“Elis’s Faith”). Russian merchant, eldest son of S.V. Morozov, Old Believer. He received capital and a plot of land in Nikolskoye from his father, and in 1837 he organized his own manufactory with a distribution office and a dyeing shop. In 1858, with the help of his son Vikula, he built the first self-weaving factory in Russia for the production of harsh materials in Nikolskoye. Gradually he handed over all his affairs to his wife and son. He was a fanatical Old Believers of the Fedoseyevskoye Consent, adjacent to the Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery in Moscow. In was the trustee and custodian of the capital of one of the most populous prayer houses in Moscow - Pokrovskaya, founded several prayer houses in Moscow and Orekhov (now the city of Orekhovo-3uevo). He was engaged in theological issues; one of the Old Believer doctrines was named after him (“Elis’s Faith”).

Vikula Eliseevich Morozov managed and expanded his father’s business. Russian entrepreneur, son of E. S. Morozov. Competing with his father’s brothers, he established in 1882 the “Partnership of the Vikuly Morozov Manufactory with his sons in the town of Nikolskoye.” Possessing poor health, he often traveled to England for treatment, learning how to conduct the cotton business there and introducing the latest achievements in his factory. His enterprise was very profitable: with an average rate of profit in the cotton industry in 1888 of 17.9%, the profit at Vikula Morozov’s factory was 31.6%, and in 1893 - 16% with an industry average of 8.3%. In order to avoid unrest, he tried to accept only Old Believers workers into his factory. Barracks were built for workers with free accommodation, lighting, heating and water supply. The factories had farms with cows each, their own slaughterhouses, mills, and bakeries. At the expense of Vikula and his sons, the following were built in Nikolskoye: a model hospital, two factory schools and an almshouse; with the help of English specialists who worked at Morozov's factories in 1910 and 1914. two football stadiums were built, considered the best in Russia in those years.

“Zakharovichs”, or “Bogorodsky” Morozovs Zakhar Savvich () Old Believer, buried at the Rogozhskoye cemetery. He received capital from his father and the dyeing department of the Nikolskaya manufactory in Bogorodsk. In 1842 he acquired the village of Glukhovo in Bogorodsky district from the landowner Zherebtsov and moved his enterprise there (now part of the city of Noginsk). In 1844 he opened the first among Morozov enterprises, the Bogorodsko-Glukhovsky mechanical paper spinning factory. It employed 450 workers. After the death of Zakhar Savvich, the enterprise was transformed into the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya Manufactory Partnership. It became the first commercial and industrial partnership in the Central region of Russia. By this time, it already included a spinning, weaving, dyeing, bleaching, dyeing and finishing factories and two hand-weaving buildings that had been rebuilt and put into operation. In 1884, the manufactory already employed 8.5 thousand people with a capital turnover of 5.5 million rubles.

Arseny Ivanovich () is the most interesting and remarkable personality of the “Bogorodsky” Morozovs, or “Zakharovichs”. Arseny Morozov received his education first in Russia (the oldest Commercial School), and then in England he lived in Manchester for several years. He knew English perfectly, spoke German and a little French. He collaborated in the Moscow Old Believer magazine “Church”, where he constantly published polemical materials in defense of the old faith and covered the affairs of the Bogorodsk Old Believer community, of which he was the honorary chairman, sometimes published his correspondence with officials (even ministers and Prime Minister P.A. Stolypin) on issues affecting the interests of the Old Believers. Until the end of his days he remained an ardent adherent of the old faith. He was a born mathematician, he could freely manipulate huge numbers in his mind, up to seven figures. He played chess very well. He was a connoisseur of painting, had many paintings, and was the most interesting and remarkable personality of the “Bogorodsky” Morozovs, or “Zakharovichs”. Arseny Morozov received his education first in Russia (the oldest Commercial School), and then in England he lived in Manchester for several years. He knew English perfectly, spoke German and a little French. He collaborated in the Moscow Old Believer magazine “Church”, where he constantly published polemical materials in defense of the old faith and covered the affairs of the Bogorodsk Old Believer community, of which he was the honorary chairman, sometimes published his correspondence with officials (even ministers and Prime Minister P.A. Stolypin) on issues affecting the interests of the Old Believers. Until the end of his days he remained an ardent adherent of the old faith. He was a born mathematician, he could freely manipulate huge numbers in his mind, up to seven figures. He played chess very well. He was an expert in painting and had many paintings

Nikolai Davidovich Morozov, nephew of Arseny Ivanovich, managed the affairs of the Glukhovskaya manufactory for a long time (he was one of the directors) and glorified it. Nikolai Morozov often visited England, studied English cotton production well and applied his knowledge to the Glukhov manufactory. He successfully bought shares of L. Knopp in the Azov-Don Bank. With the help of N.D. Morozov, the company bought the Beck factory in St. Petersburg, which produced fine numbers of yarn, and in Glukhov they began to produce “elegant” products for the urban population, competing with foreign ones (since 1911). Before the First World War, when a crisis began in the textile industry due to large non-payments and abuse of those who wanted to profit from discounts, N. D. Morozov began to fight this. nephew of Arseny Ivanovich, for a long time managed the affairs of the Glukhov manufactory (he was one of the directors) and glorified it. Nikolai Morozov often visited England, studied English cotton production well and applied his knowledge to the Glukhov manufactory. He successfully bought shares of L. Knopp in the Azov-Don Bank. With the help of N.D. Morozov, the company bought the Beck factory in St. Petersburg, which produced fine numbers of yarn, and in Glukhov they began to produce “elegant” products for the urban population, competing with foreign ones (since 1911). Before the First World War, when a crisis began in the textile industry due to large non-payments and abuse of those who wanted to profit from discounts, N. D. Morozov began to fight this.

“Abramovichs”, or “Tver” Morozovs Abram Savvich (), an Old Believer, is buried at the Rogozhskoye cemetery. He did not manage to separate from his father with his own business, although formally he is considered the founder of the Morozov branch of the “Abramovichs”, or “Tver” Morozovs. At the request of the already elderly Savva Vasilyevich, his youngest son Timofey was involved in the founding of the factory in Tver. The charter of the Tver Manufactory was approved in 1859, Timofey Savvich led it until 1871, and then it passed to the children of Abram Savvich Abram and David. Abram Savvich (), an Old Believer, is buried at the Rogozhskoye cemetery. He did not manage to separate from his father with his own business, although formally he is considered the founder of the Morozov branch of the “Abramovichs”, or “Tver” Morozovs. At the request of the already elderly Savva Vasilyevich, his youngest son Timofey was involved in the founding of the factory in Tver. The charter of the Tver Manufactory was approved in 1859, Timofey Savvich led it until 1871, and then it passed to the children of Abram Savvich Abram and David. The Tver factory was a huge enterprise. In 1878, it processed 212 thousand pounds of cotton and employed almost 6 thousand people. The Tver factory was a huge enterprise. In 1878, it processed 212 thousand pounds of cotton and employed almost 6 thousand people. The factory produced calico, cotton wool, satin, rib, calico, calico, madapolam, chintz, a total of 27 types of different textile products of 49 varieties. The products of the Morozov factory were in great demand. Products were sold in Moscow, at the Nizhny Novgorod, Irbit and Uryupinsk fairs, a large number of goods went to Ukraine, Central Asia, Siberia, Crimea, and the Caucasus. In 1865, at the Moscow Manufacturing Exhibition, the factory's products were awarded a large silver medal, and at the All-Russian Exhibition in St. Petersburg in 1870, with the state emblem. In 1863, after the death of Abram Abramovich, his widow, Varvara Alekseevna, became the owner of the manufactory. The factory produced calico, cotton wool, satin, rib, calico, calico, madapolam, chintz, a total of 27 types of different textile products of 49 varieties. The products of the Morozov factory were in great demand. Products were sold in Moscow, at the Nizhny Novgorod, Irbit and Uryupinsk fairs, a large number of goods went to Ukraine, Central Asia, Siberia, Crimea, and the Caucasus. In 1865, at the Moscow Manufacturing Exhibition, the factory's products were awarded a large silver medal, and at the All-Russian Exhibition in St. Petersburg in 1870, with the state emblem. In 1863, after the death of Abram Abramovich, his widow, Varvara Alekseevna, became the owner of the manufactory.

Varvara Alekseevna Morozova The personality is, of course, bright, talented, and also endowed with efficiency and the ability for commercial affairs. She managed the Tver manufactory with a firm hand, and was distinguished by her strong will and independent character. Known in Moscow for her charitable activities. With its funds, the Turgenev library-reading room was created, which provided “the opportunity to use books for those layers of the urban population for whom existing libraries are inaccessible due to the state of their means.” The free reading room was opened in 1885; 50 thousand rubles were spent on its creation and construction of the building. The adjacent Turgenevskaya Square was also named after the name of this library. The personality is, of course, bright, talented, and also endowed with efficiency and the ability for commercial affairs. She managed the Tver manufactory with a firm hand, and was distinguished by her strong will and independent character. Known in Moscow for her charitable activities. With its funds, the Turgenev library-reading room was created, which provided “the opportunity to use books for those layers of the urban population for whom existing libraries are inaccessible due to the state of their means.” The free reading room was opened in 1885; 50 thousand rubles were spent on its creation and construction of the building. The adjacent Turgenevskaya Square was also named after the name of this library.

And her merits include: In 1883, Varvara Morozova’s husband, Abram Abramovich, died of severe mental illness. In memory of him, Varvara Alekseevna is building a psychiatric clinic, which marked the beginning of the formation of a clinical town on Devichye Pole in the area of ​​Bolshaya and Malaya Pirogovskaya streets. The costs of construction and equipment of the clinic amounted to more than 500 thousand rubles. The clinic was named after Abram Morozov (since 1938 named after S.S. Korsakov). In the same clinical campus, with funds raised on Morozova’s initiative, the Institute for the Treatment of Tumors, or Cancer Institute, called the Morozov Institute (opened in 1903), was built. Morozov and his sons donated 150 thousand rubles for the construction and establishment of the institute. Now the Oncology Research Institute named after P. A. Herzen. In 1883, Varvara Morozova’s husband, Abram Abramovich, died of severe mental illness. In memory of him, Varvara Alekseevna is building a psychiatric clinic, which marked the beginning of the formation of a clinical town on Devichye Pole in the area of ​​Bolshaya and Malaya Pirogovskaya streets. The costs of construction and equipment of the clinic amounted to more than 500 thousand rubles. The clinic was named after Abram Morozov (since 1938 named after S.S. Korsakov). In the same clinical campus, with funds raised on Morozova’s initiative, the Institute for the Treatment of Tumors, or Cancer Institute, called the Morozov Institute (opened in 1903), was built. Morozov and his sons donated 150 thousand rubles for the construction and establishment of the institute. Now the Oncology Research Institute named after P. A. Herzen.

Conclusion: The story of the Morozovs is the story of the transformation of self-taught serfs into highly educated businessmen, true intellectuals and fine connoisseurs of the arts. With what enthusiasm and tenacity the Morozovs created gigantic enterprises at that time, participated in the construction of railways, the establishment of banks, and the economic development of the outskirts. This family has glorified itself for its charitable deeds and the creation of outstanding museum collections. The influential merchant family of the Morozovs, whose roots grew in the village of Zuevo, Bogorodsky district, Moscow province, is the powerful spiritual potential of Russia. It is from this venerable family that many of today’s young entrepreneurs learn how to run a business with a capital B. The story of the Morozovs is the story of the transformation of self-taught serfs into highly educated businessmen, true intellectuals and fine connoisseurs of the arts. With what enthusiasm and tenacity the Morozovs created gigantic enterprises at that time, participated in the construction of railways, the establishment of banks, and the economic development of the outskirts. This family has glorified itself for its charitable deeds and the creation of outstanding museum collections. The influential merchant family of the Morozovs, whose roots grew in the village of Zuevo, Bogorodsky district, Moscow province, is the powerful spiritual potential of Russia. It is from this venerable family that many of today’s young entrepreneurs learn how to run a business with a capital B.

Almost every citizen of our country has heard at least something about the Morozovs since school. “Morozov manufacturers”, “Morozov manufactory”, “Morozov strike” - these concepts are inextricably linked in the popular consciousness with, perhaps, the most famous dynasty of entrepreneurs in pre-revolutionary Russia. Its most famous representative is, of course, Savva Timofeevich Morozov, but not everyone probably knows that he belonged to one of the four branches of the numerous Morozov family.

The Morozovs come from an ancient Old Believer family from the village of Zuevo, Bogorodsky district, Moscow province. The founder of the glorious manufacturing and industrial family is considered to be the serf peasant of the landowner Ryumin, Savva Vasilyevich Morozov (1770 - 1860). Working as a weaver at the factory of a local merchant Kononov, he borrowed a large sum from him in order to pay off his army service (recruitment). Let us remember that in those days it lasted 25 years. The inability to repay the debt from his meager salary forced Savva Vasilyevich to switch to piecework payment, and after two years of hard work the money was returned to the creditor. In 1797, Morozov married the daughter of a dyer, Ulyana Afanasyevna. Thanks to her dowry of five gold rubles, he opened his own silk weaving workshop in the same year. He sold the goods in Moscow, walking daily to the Rogozhskaya outpost. In 1820, Savva Vasilyevich bought himself out of serfdom along with his sons Elisha, Zakhar, Abram, Ivan and Timofey for a huge sum at that time - 17 thousand rubles in banknotes.

Having become a free man, the elder Morozov actively set about expanding the business and in 1823 bought land from his former landowner Ryumin on the right bank of the Klyazma in the town of Nikolskoye, where the later famous manufactory was founded. In 1825, Savva Vasilyevich founded a Moscow factory, which in the forties consisted of 11 buildings, housing 3 weaving rooms, 1 warping room and 3 dyeing and drying plants. There were no machines, but there were 240 hand looms with jacquard machines for producing colored patterned fabrics. This Moscow factory was liquidated after the Crimean War. In the city of Bogorodsk in 1830, he opened a factory, which over time turned into the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya manufactory. In 1847, with the help of the well-known L. Knop, the largest paper spinning factory in Russia was built in Nikolskoye. In 1842, the Morozovs received hereditary honorary citizenship. Savva Timofeevich Morozov died in 1860 as a merchant of the first guild, leaving his descendants colossal capital and numerous factories.

Back in 1850, old Morozov allocated capital for his eldest sons Elisha and Zakhar, in 1860 the company was transformed into a share trading house "Savva Morozov with Sons", which in 1873 was renamed the Partnership of the Nikolskaya Manufactory "Savva Morozov Son and Co."

Elisha (1798-1868) organized his own manufactory, but gradually lost interest in it. Being a fanatical adherent of one of the Old Believer sects, the Fedoseyevsky Consent, he became a trustee of Old Believer chapels and took up theology. One of the Old Believer doctrines (Elisova Vera) is named after him.

Elisha's son Vikula (1829-1894) is much more famous as an entrepreneur. After his name, this branch of the family is called Vikulovichi. In 1882, he established the Partnership of the Vikuly Morozov Manufactory with his Sons in Nikolskoye - the most profitable enterprise in the entire textile industry of Russia at that time. He accepted only Old Believers into the factory, but at the same time did not shy away from the achievements of progress. Vikula often traveled to England, studied the cotton trade there and introduced various innovations. For the workers, barracks with free accommodation, hospitals, schools (including the only legal Old Believer school in Russia), almshouses and even two football stadiums were built.

Another son of Savva Timofeevich - Zakhar (1802 - 1857) - became the founder of another branch of the Morozov family - the Zakharovichs, or Bogorodsky Morozovs. In 1842, Zakhar acquired the village of Glukhovo, where he moved his enterprise from Bogorodsk. Two years later, a paper spinning mill was opened there, employing 450 workers. After Zakhar’s death, the enterprise was transformed into the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya Manufactory Partnership. It became the first commercial and industrial partnership in the Central region of Russia. In 1884, 8,500 people already worked there.

The third son, Abram (1806 - 1856), is considered the founder of the Tver branch of the family - the Abramovichs. The foundation of the factory in Tver, at the request of Savva Vasilyevich, was carried out by Abram's younger brother Timofey, who directed it until 1861, then it passed to the children of Abram Savvich - Abram and David. In 1878, almost 6 thousand people worked at the factory, 212 thousand pounds of cotton were processed. In 1863, the widow of Abram Abramovich, Varvara Alekseevna (1848-1917), became the owner of the manufactory. She and her son Ivan became famous for their charity and social development - their workers could live in separate houses for four families, schools, nurseries, hospitals, a tuberculosis sanatorium in Gagra and the People's Theater were built for them.

Little is known about Ivan Savvich Morozov (1812-1864). He was not interested in the business, and his capital, after the death of his only son Sergei in 1904, passed into other hands.

The most famous branch of the Morozov family was the Timofeevichs - the youngest son of Savva Vasilyevich Timofey Savvich (1823 - 1889) and his descendants. Since 1850, Timofey Savvich was the main manager of his father’s fixed capital, first through the company “Trading House “Savva Morozov with Sons”, and then through the Partnership of the Nikolskaya Manufactory “Savva Morozov Son and Co.” This scion of the Morozov house was distinguished by incredible energy and business sense . He invested all his strength in modernizing and expanding production. In order not to depend on the supply of cotton, for example, he bought land in Central Asia and engaged in its own production. For the sake of training Russian specialists, he established scholarships at the Imperial Technical School to send engineers who had completed the course abroad. border, and then took them to his enterprises. As a result, by 1881, 25,800 people were already working in the factories of the partnership, and more than 250 thousand poods of cotton were processed. Timofey Savvich was the first to receive the honorary title of manufactory adviser, he was elected a member of the Moscow City Duma and chairman Moscow Exchange Committee His wife, Maria Fedorovna (1830 - 1911), after the death of Timofey Savvich, became the head of the company and the head of a large family. Timofey Savvich had two sons and three daughters - Savva and Sergei Timofeevich, Anna, Yulia and Alexandra Timofeevna.

Savva Timofeevich Morozov (1862 - 1905) is the most famous representative of this family. He went down in history, first of all, as an outstanding philanthropist, one of the founders of the Moscow Art Theater, a friend of K. Stanislavsky and M. Gorky. He spent over 300 thousand rubles on the creation of the Moscow Art Theater. But at the same time, Savva was a qualified chemical engineer (he graduated from Moscow University and studied at Cambridge) and a very talented entrepreneur who willingly took over the management of his father’s business. In his relationship with the workers of his enterprises, Savva Timofeevich, unlike his father, no longer relied on Old Believer traditions, but tried to build them on the basis of mutual civil responsibility. Under him, there were significant improvements in the working and living conditions of factory workers and their families. New dormitories (free of charge), hospitals, baths were built, and a Folk Festival Park was organized in Nikolskoye. But Savva’s main idea is the participation of workers in the profits of factories. During the unrest in his factories in February 1905, he raised the question of including workers as shareholders. All this did not please his domineering mother Maria Fedorovna, who, as the main shareholder and managing director, in April 1905 removed Savva from managing the enterprises. On May 13, 1905, Savva Morozov shot himself in a hotel room in France (Nice), where he was recovering from a nervous disorder. The reasons for the suicide remained a mystery to the public. They talked about an unsuccessful romance with actress Maria Andreeva, about Savva Timofeevich’s complicated relationship with the Bolsheviks (whom he helped a lot with money). With his support, Lenin's Iskra was published, and the Bolshevik newspapers Novaya Zhizn in St. Petersburg and Borba in Moscow were published. He himself illegally smuggled printing fonts and hid his most valuable “comrades.” In the coming revolution, Morozov saw the path to modernize Russia, a way out of its “century-long backwardness” from the West.

Maria Fedorovna headed the empire until her death, increasing the capital almost five times (up to 29.346 million rubles).

The youngest son of Savva Timofeevich - Sergei (1860 - 1944) - like his father, was a famous philanthropist. He sponsored the Stroganov School, helped artists V. Polenov and V. Serov, was one of the founders of the Museum of Fine Arts on Volkhonka (formerly the Pushkin Museum) and the creator of the Handicraft Museum. In 1925 he emigrated to France.

So, having examined the history of the Morozov dynasty, we can note the following characteristic features. Like most of the largest commercial and industrial families in Russia, the Morozovs belonged to the Old Believers. The founder of the Morozov Empire, Savva Vasilyevich was a serf, through his hard work he achieved freedom for himself and his family and ended his life at the pinnacle of financial success - a merchant of the first guild. Numerous descendants shared the capital and enterprises of their father. Their management was not centralized, just as there was no single “Morozov Trust”. Moreover, different branches of this genus sometimes competed with each other. For example, when the construction of the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod railway was underway, a struggle broke out between the Bogorodsky, Zuevsky and Nikolsky factory owners - where it should pass - through Bogorodsk, Zuevo or Orekhovo. The Nikolsky Morozovs won, giving the builders an appropriate bribe. And yet the Morozovs differ from other Russian commercial and industrial “aces” in their commitment to the family business. From the beginning of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, there were five generations, and almost all of their representatives continued the tradition to one degree or another. Nowadays, in the Moscow region town of Orekhovo-Zuevo, the historical homeland of the glorious family, there is still not a single bust, not a single monument to the Morozovs, not a single street named after them. It seems to us that this historical injustice must be corrected, because the Morozovs left behind Russia a rich industrial and artistic heritage. And most importantly, the story of this family can serve all of us as an excellent example of hard work, determination and success.

Sincere interest in the history of one’s state, people, and culture in general is an indicator of the social health of society. You cannot predict the future, but you can, by studying history, learn to avoid tragic mistakes that cost too much both to society as a whole and to its individual citizens. Who are we? Where are we from? What lessons can we learn from our past? And who are they, the heroes of history, who can serve as an example to posterity? And are they always worthy of their memory? The Morozovs are an ancient Russian Old Believer family of merchants and industrialists. Representatives of this family were large, as they would say now, textile industrialists-manufacturers, rich - first guild - merchants, founders of enterprises and educational institutions. At the same time, this family gave us highly educated people, patrons of the arts, collectors of museum art, and historians. But the most famous fact from the life of this glorious dynasty is the patronage not only of science and art, but also of the revolutionary movement in Russia in 1917. There are a large number of common myths that wander from one publication to another. Let's try to understand the intricacies of historical facts and speculation.

A series: Dynasties

* * *

The given introductory fragment of the book Morozovs. Dynasty of Patrons (Lira Mukhovitskaya, 2014) provided by our book partner - the company liters.

Morozov-Abramovich

OLYMPIADA ABRAMOVNA (1836 – 03/29/1870), EVDOKIA ABRAMOVNA (1848 – 1918), OLGA ABRAMOVNA (1849 – 12/27/1918) and IVAN ABRAMOVICH (born 1856) were Old Believers of the priestly consensus. All of them are buried at the Rogozhskoye cemetery in Moscow.

ABRAM ABRAMOVICH MOROZOV

(22.10.1839 – 25.02.1882)

Abram Abramovich headed the board of the Tver Manufactory. Before his marriage to Varvara Alekseevna Khludova (1848 - 1917), he converted to Edinoverie. They had three sons: Mikhail, Ivan and Arseny. Abram Abramovich was buried on the territory of the All Saints Monastery in Moscow. Varvara Alekseevna Morozova was the daughter of a merchant of the first guild, a large textile manufacturer who converted to the Edinoverie, Alexei Ivanovich Khludov. After the death of Abram Abramovich, she became director of the board of the Tver Manufactory. She lived in Moscow in her mansion on Vozdvizhenka. She devoted a lot of effort and money to charitable activities. She performed trustee duties in ten societies and institutions, and was the creator of the Turgenev Library. In 1887, she contributed 500 thousand rubles for the establishment of a psychiatric clinic at the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow University, and later 70 thousand rubles for the organization of Shanyavsky University. Varvara Alekseevna financed the Museum of Handicrafts in Moscow, published the newspaper “Russian Vedomosti”, and was the chairman of the Moscow Women’s Club. We will tell you more about the life and charitable activities of this wonderful woman in a separate chapter.

In her second, civil marriage with Vasily Mikhailovich Sobolevsky, she had children: Gleb Vasilyevich Morozov (born in 1885) and Natalya Vasilievna Morozova (born in 1887). Varvara Alekseevna was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery in Moscow.

MIKHAIL ABRAMOVICH MOROZOV

(1870 – 12.10.1903)

Mikhail Abramovich graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University. Later he became a collegiate assessor and director of the Tver Manufactory Partnership. He lived in Moscow in a mansion on Smolensky Boulevard. He was a prominent public figure, a member of the Moscow City Duma, and a member of the boards of a number of charitable institutions. He collected a collection of Russian and European paintings, which he bequeathed to the Tretyakov Gallery. Author of several works on history. From the Old Believers he converted to official Orthodoxy and was the headman of the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin. Mikhail Abramovich was buried in the Intercession Monastery in Moscow. Married to Margarita Kirillovna Mamontova (1873 - 1958), he had four children: Yuri, Elena, Mikhail and Maria. Margarita Kirillovna was the daughter of Kirill Nikolaevich Mamontov. A well-known philanthropist, one of the directors of the Moscow branch of the Russian Musical and Philharmonic Society, she subsidized S. P. Diaghilev, patronized A. N. Scriabin, and also owned the publishing house “Path”, financed the magazines “New Path” and “Moscow Weekly”. In her mansion on Smolensky Boulevard, the artist V. A. Serov painted a portrait of the Morozovs’ five-year-old son Misha (“Mika”).

IVAN ABRAMOVICH MOROZOV

(1871 – 22.06.1921)

Ivan Abramovich was a manufactory advisor and headed the board of the Tver Manufactory Partnership. In 1898 he was elected chairman of the Moscow Merchant Assembly. In addition, he was a member of the Moscow Exchange Committee and director of the board of the Mugreevo-Spirovsky Timber Industry Partnership. Ivan Abramovich collected Western paintings and provided financial assistance to the Philharmonic and Russian musical societies. He was married to actress Evdokia Sergeevna Kladovshchikova (1885 - 1959).

ARSENY ABRAMOVICH MOROZOV

(1874 – 24.12.1908)

Arseny Abramovich was a shareholder of the Tver Manufactory and the owner of the famous “Moorish Castle” on Vozdvizhenka (now the House of Friendship with the Peoples of Foreign Countries). He was involved in a lot of trustee activities, was a member of the council of the Moscow Charity Society and the Moscow Philharmonic Society. From his marriage to Vera Sergeevna Fedorova they had a daughter, Maria (born in 1904).

DAVID ABRAMOVICH MOROZOV

(12.09.1843 – 24.12.1893)

Like his brothers, David Abramovich was a hereditary honorary citizen, co-owner of the Tver Manufactory Partnership. He founded an almshouse named after him in Shelaputinsky Lane. Converted to the same faith. His wife Elizaveta Pavlovna Sorokoumovskaya (1849 - 1932) donated funds for the construction of a Gynecological Clinic on Devichye Pole. In their marriage, they had children: Seraphima, Margarita, Antonina and Nikolai. David Abramovich was buried in the All Saints Edinoverie Monastery, and Elizaveta Pavlovna was buried in the Miusskoye cemetery in Moscow.

IVAN SAVVICH MOROZOV

(06/21/1812 – 10/19/1864)

The fourth son of S.V. Morozov, Ivan Savvich, was a Pokrovsky merchant of the first guild, lived in Moscow on Nikolo-Yamskaya, and then on Bolshaya Alekseevskaya Street. He was married twice: the first time to Arina Mikhailovna (born in 1853), and the second time to Feodosia Ermilovna Medvedeva (1837 - after 1917). Ivan Savvich was an Old Believer of the priestly consensus. His second wife Feodosia Ermilovna was an active donor to the Rogozh community. In memory of her son Sergei, she built a two-story hospital for patients with an outpatient clinic and pharmacy at the Rogozhskoye cemetery, and erected a church in the village of Ustyanovo (now Orekhovo-Zuevsky district). Ivan Savvich and Feodosia Ermilovna had children: Alexandra, Maria, Claudia, Nikolai and Sergei.

SERGEY IVANOVICH MOROZOV

(2.08.1861 – 31.12.1904)

At the expense of Sergei Ivanovich, the Boyarsky Dvor complex was built on Old Square in Moscow. He also donated money for the construction of the Anti-Cancer Institute on Devichye Pole. Sergei Ivanovich was buried at the Rogozhskoye cemetery in Moscow.

In the 80s of the 19th century, the “Partnership of the Nikolskaya Manufactory “Savva Morozov Son and Co.”” was the largest textile plant in Russia, which consisted of three main (in the villages of Nikolskoye, Gorodishchi and Vaulovo) factories and nine auxiliary enterprises. The Nikolskaya manufactory, which after the death of Savva Vasilyevich was headed by his youngest son Timofey Morozov, ranked third among the factory enterprises in Russia in terms of annual production. Timofey Morozov became his father's active assistant in the 1840s.

TIMOFEI SAVICH MOROZOV

(1823 – 10.10.1889)

Timofey Savvich occupied a special place in the Moscow merchant hierarchy. Manufacturer-adviser, hereditary honorary citizen, merchant of the first guild, head of the board of the Nikolskaya manufactory, member of the board of the Moscow Merchant Bank, chairman of the board of the Moscow Merchant Mutual Credit Society, member of the Board of the Kursk Railway, chairman of the Moscow Exchange Committee, member of the Moscow City Duma - all this is Timofey Savvich Morozov. In 1850, Timofey Morozov became the head of the Savva Morozov Trading House, and after the death of his father, he renamed the company in 1873 to the Partnership of the Nikolskaya Manufactory “Savva Morozov’s Son and Co.” Timofey Savvich inherited the largest of the four Morozov manufactories. In 1859, in the village of Vaulovo, Vladimir province, he founded the Vaulovo manufactory for hand weaving, and in 1883, to produce linen fabrics, he built the Gorodishche bleaching-mechanical factory. The board and main office of the Nikolskaya Manufactory were located in Moscow in Bolshoi Trekhsvyatitelsky Lane. T. S. Morozov was the first of the Russian textile industrialists to refuse foreign specialists; he hired only young Russian engineers. A fanatical Old Believer, Timofey Savvich was harsh with his subordinates. Because of his cruel temper and thirst for profit, the workers called him a “sorcerer” and a “vampire.” Trading offices of T. S. Morozov's company were located in many cities of Russia. The company also had its branches at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, in Omsk and Irbit. She made fabrics “for the common people” - nanka, pleated fabric, calico, calico, cretonne, gauze, etc. In addition to Russia, fabrics produced at Timofey Morozov’s enterprises were sold in China, Persia and Central Asia. Products worth 21 million rubles were sold annually. Product samples from the Nikolskaya Manufactory have more than once received top awards at world and all-Russian exhibitions.

Timofey Savvich was married to Maria Fedorovna Simonova (02/09/1830 – 06/18/1911), the daughter of a merchant of the 2nd guild and a wealthy heiress. The Morozovs donated a lot of money to charitable causes. At the expense of T. S. Morozov, a Gynecological Clinic was built on Devichye Pole in Moscow. After the death of her husband, Maria Fedorovna Morozova donated a lot of money for the construction of churches, buildings for the laboratory of mechanical technology of fibrous substances of the Moscow Technical School, almshouses and other objects. From the marriage of Timofey Savvich and Maria Feodorovna, children were born: Elena (born in 1849), Anna (1849 - 02/18/1924), Alevtina (06/22/1850 - 07/19/1876), Alexandra (10/20/1854 - 02/04/1903) , Ivan (born in 1855), Arseny (born in 1857), Yulia (06/06/1858 – 01/29/1920), Savva (02/3/1862 – 05/13/1905) and Sergei (07/28/1863 – 12/11/1944). T. S. Morozov died on his estate in Miskhor in Crimea.

Introduction.

Our country differs from others in its large size and variety of conditions for economic activity. For a very long time there was an opinion that Russia is often an agricultural country. If we add to this that, as people thought, engaging in agricultural labor - closeness to the land - helps to preserve the healthy principles in a person, and “barns” and factories awaken the worst instincts in people, then it will become clear what evil the Great One caused to the Russian land A transformer, leading her away from her original path. 1

Naturally, merchants and factory workers did not enjoy the sympathy of the population. Such hostile or dismissive attitudes were reflected in the literature.

People who created factories and factories, railway and shipping companies, banks and shops, educational institutions and hospitals, book publishing houses and newspapers, museums and theaters, as well as much more that made up the appearance and content of capitalist society in pre-revolutionary Russia, and after the October Revolution served as the basis for the further development of the country, were consigned to oblivion for a long time. If they were written about during the Soviet era, it was only as cruel exploiters who wanted to enrich themselves at the expense of their workers.

However, the “oral history” about the good deeds of Russian entrepreneurs, erased from people’s consciousness for so many years, has been preserved and is passed on from generation to generation. This was facilitated by the visible traces of these affairs surrounding us - old plants and factories that are still operating, continuing to serve people, houses, hospitals, shops and much more. They are often called by their old name.

Human memory was favorable to the Morozovs, clearly contrary to the negative assessment of their activities contained in the “short course on the history of the CPSU (b)” and migrated from there to all textbooks and popular publications on history. This probably reflected recognition of the special role of the Morozovs. Indeed, the Morozovs, while being a typical phenomenon in the history of Russian entrepreneurship, at the same time represent a special case. The story of the Morozovs is the story of the transformation of self-educated serfs into highly educated businessmen, true intellectuals.

In difficult conditions, the Morozovs created gigantic enterprises for those times, participated in the construction of railways and banking institutions. The history of the Morozov family preserves the experience of building capitalism and personal initiative. It is important to trace the experience of a successful entrepreneur and production organizer who also successfully solves social issues.

The history of the Morozov family is very extensive, so in one work it is impossible to tell about all the representatives of this wonderful family.

The topic of this work is “Morozovs in Bogorodsky district.”

The work will examine the activities of the Morozovs in organizing factories, developing enterprises, building railways, creating conditions to improve living conditions and improve the level of education of workers, their religious activities as elements of public life.

This refers to the territory of the pre-revolutionary Bogorodsky district, where the largest enterprises of the Morozovs were located, that is, this is the center of their activity. In addition, Bogorodsky district was one of the most developed areas of the Moscow region.

On the territory of the city of Bogorodsk and the village of Glukhov located next to it (which later became part of the city’s borders) there were buildings of the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya manufactory, a developed enterprise of the Morozovs.

In its development, it forms some unity with the Nikolskaya manufactory. Its center is located in the Vladimir region, although many buildings and branches of the enterprise were located on the territory of the Bogorodsky district.

The local history aspect of this work is important. The development of the Moscow region can be traced in the activities of representatives of the Morozov dynasty.

The chronological framework of the work is from the end of the 18th century (1797, the opening of the first Morozov production) until 1917.

There are few surviving sources on this topic, especially published ones. A significant part of the sources is in archives, including in the archives of museums in the city of Noginsk.

This work uses materials from the archives of the Museum of Local Lore and the Museum of Revolutionary Military and Labor Glory.

A particularly valuable source is the financial report for the period from October 1, 1912 to October 1, 1913, which allows you to track not only the income and expenses of enterprises, but also the average earnings of a worker during this period at the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya manufactory.

The next group of sources are memories.

The memoirs of Arseny Ivanovich Morozov were recorded in the fall of 1924 by D. Afanasyev. They provide information about the creation and development of the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya manufactory. All stages are described in sufficient detail, but little attention is paid to solving social issues in the memoirs. (However, they intend to trace the entire path of creation of the manufactory).

In addition, the museum archive contains materials on the history of the region. They contain factual material. They were compiled by different specialists. Among them there are historical references, and there are also studies.

The historical reference “Rogozhi-Bogorodsk-Noginsk” gives a general description of the development of the Bogorodsky district, including the Morozov enterprise. The history of the formation and transformation of the city is also traced here.

“Birth of Glukhovka. Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya Manufactory Company” is materials on the Morozovs’ transformation of the Bogorodskaya land into an industrial center. Also from this work one can judge the connections of the Morozov manufactory in Russia and abroad.

The historical information “Glukhovka”, compiled by D.I. Korneev, tells in great detail not only about the creation and development of the manufactory, but also about the Morozovs’ implementation of social policy at their enterprises. Moreover, the issues of life and economy of workers are covered in great detail.

Further materials tell about the Morozov dynasty, its representatives, as well as the stages of development of enterprises.

“Savva Vasilyevich - a personality from a legend” is the work of A. Konovalov, characterizing Savva Vasilyevich Morozov, the founder of an industrial dynasty. This work intertwines real biographical facts and the legends surrounding Savva Vasilyevich. This work helps to characterize a person who managed from a serf peasant to become the owner of a large manufacture.

The materials “life of the Morozovs” describe the activities of the Morozov family from the point of view of Soviet-era literature: a negative assessment of the authors who give a positive response to their activities, and the Morozov industrialists themselves.

Historical background “Left to Descendants” and “They Looked Ahead” talk about the construction of the power plant and the difficulties associated with this construction.

Morozov’s commitment to using the latest scientific achievements in his manufactory is confirmed here. They can also be used to trace the beginning of the transition to obtaining a new source of energy.

E. Andrianov’s article “Bear Corner” through the eyes of the Bolsheviks” shows that even with an obvious negative assessment of the Morozovs’ activities during the Soviet period, even ardent Bolsheviks could not help but admit that factory owners cared not only about increasing the level of education of their workers, but also about getting an education . These materials help to trace how the level of teaching changed in schools established with the Morozovs’ money.

“Modernism in a county town” tells the story of the development of the city of Bogorodsk. It shows that many buildings built in the Art Nouveau style were erected with the Morozovs’ money. The purpose of the buildings (hospital, secondary school, women's gymnasium) helps to draw a conclusion about how important it was for the Morozovs to resolve social issues and issues of training qualified personnel.

The richest material about the creation of the Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya manufactory and its development is contained in the unpublished study of Noginsk local historian V.P. Khakalin.

It also contains the further history of the manufactory (after October 1917) and its transformation into the Glukhovsky Cotton Mill. From this work one can trace not only the industrial activities of the Glukhov manufactory, but also the issues of improving the living conditions of workers.

A view from the family itself is shown, because Zinaida Grigorievna, the wife of Savva Timofeevich, helped in compiling the book. The book vividly describes the character of the industrialist, but does little to reflect the issues of creating and developing a family enterprise.

Among the books telling about the Morozov dynasty, the earliest is the book by Ioximovich Ch.M. “Manufacturing industry in the past and present”, as well as “Russian entrepreneurship, family chronicles” Kuzmicheva A, Petrova P.

Soviet literature did not specifically study this dynasty. The bulk of books of that time are devoted to the history of the labor movement. That is why they considered only social issues and the causes of uprisings. For example, “Awakening: on the 100th anniversary of the Morozov strike,” which was compiled by Likhontsev. 3

In modern literature, they began to study the history of entrepreneurship in general and the history of the Morozovs in particular. 4

The history of some representatives of the Morozov dynasty is reflected in the book by T.P. Morozova. and Potkina I.V. "Savva Morozov" She describes in detail, multifacetedly, the life, activities and hobbies of Savva Timofeevich. There is also a description of the development of the family from the founder Savva Vasilyevich Morozov.

The “Morozov Readings”, held in Noginsk, dealt specifically with the history of the Morozov family. In total, three conferences were held, based on the materials of which books were published: “Entrepreneurs and workers: their relationships. Second half of the 19th – early 20th century”, “Morozovs and Moscow”. Proceedings of scientific and practical conferences offer a new perspective on assessing the activities of the Morozovs.

The Morozovs are mentioned in many studies on the history of the development of Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and the development of capitalism. 5

In 1997, the Morozov dynasty turned 200 years old, so a large number of articles dedicated to the Morozovs were published in Noginsk newspapers.

These are the newspapers “Bogorodskie Vesti”, “Volkhonka”, “Glukhovchanka”. 6

These publications reflect materials from the archives of museums in the city of Noginsk.

There is no special work on the history of the Morozovs’ activities in the Bogorodsky district, although the enterprises created by the Morozovs form the core of the textile industry of the city of Noginsk.

This work consists of three chapters. The first tells about the history of the family and the social appearance of the Morozov family. The second and third are dedicated to two large enterprises belonging to the Morozov dynasty.

The objectives of this work are: to trace the stages of development of the main enterprises of the Morozov dynasty, to study the activities of the Morozovs in Bogorodsky district, the organization of enterprises and social policy and their impact on the lives of workers, an attempt to identify the social image of factory owners.

Buryshkin P.A. Moscow Merchant. M. 1990, pp. 112-113.

Morozov S.T. Grandfather died young. M., 1988.

Awakening: to the 100th anniversary of the Morozov strike. Compiled by Likhontsev N.I., M., 1984.

Kuzmichev A.D. Shapkin I.N. Domestic entrepreneurship: essays on history. M., 1995. Laverychev V.Ya. Monopoly capitalism in the textile industry of Russia (1900-1917), M., 1963.

Serebrov – Tikhonov A.N. Time and people. Memories. M., 1960; 1000 years of Russian entrepreneurship. M., 1995; Razgonov S.N. Monuments of the Fatherland. Bequeathed to Russia. M., 1993; Lizunov V.S. Old Believer Palestine. Orekhovo-Zuevo. 1992; Krivoshein K.A., Alexander Vasilievich Krivoshein. The fate of the Russian reformer. M., 1993. Laverychev V.Ya. The big bourgeoisie in post-reform Russia. 1861-1900, M., 1974.

"Bogorodskie News" 1997 to the 200th anniversary of the Morozov house. February 11, 1997, March 13, 1997, March 18, 1997, April 24, 1997, July 24, 1997, May 23, August 24, August 7, August 28, September 26, October 5, 1997 “Volkhonka” – May 23, 1997, August 24, 2000, August 26, 2000, “Glukhovchanka” No. 55, 56, 57, 61, 62, 65, 66, 71, 76 for 1997.

Chapter 1. The origin of the Morozov family and the beginning of their activities.

1. Origin of the family. Savva Vasilyevich is the founder of a dynasty of industrialists.

The homeland of the Morozovs was the original Russian region - Guslitsy. People of the ancient Merya tribe lived here at the beginning of our era. But they were pushed out by the Ilmen Slavs, who came from the north, and the Vyatichi and Krivichi - from the west. Guslitsy was located near Moscow, between the Nerskaya and Guslitsa rivers. The region covered the southern part of the Bogorodsky and Bronnitsky districts of the Moscow province, including Yegoryevsky and Pokrovsky, and adjoined the earthlings of the Ryazan and Vladimir provinces. “The family of gusliaks is ancient and Slavic, it descended from the rebellious boyars and archers,” the abbot of the monastery “Joseph on the Stone” wrote in his diary. 1

Several years ago, during the construction of one of the new streets in Orekhovo-Zuevo, on the site of an ancient Old Believer cemetery, a bulldozer pulled out the remains of a tombstone. This turned out to be the burial place of the founder of the famous Morozov dynasty, Vasily Fedorovich Morozov.

There is an inscription on the stone: “Under this stone is buried the body of God’s servant, peasant Vasily Fedorovich Morozov. He reposed on August 10, 1825 at 6 o’clock in the morning. He lived 7? (second digit knocked down) years 8 months and 10 days. His Angel Day happens January 30. From a grateful son and grandchildren to an unforgettable parent." 2

According to documents that have reached us, Vasily was born on October 1, 1754 as a serf. He lived in the village of Zuevo, Bogorodsky district, on the estate of the landowner Gavrila Vasilyevich Ryumin, a commercial adviser and gentleman. 3 He was a fisherman, an Old Believer of the Pomeranian consent, had a wife Lyudmila, a son Savva and a daughter Natalya. In 1822, the name of Vasily Fedorovich Morozov was already “in the revision tales of the Bogorodsk townspeople, in which he was counted among the “peasants released from Mr. Ryumin.” 4

The founder of the industrial dynasty was Savva Vasilyevich Morozov (1770-15.XII.1860), the branches came from five sons. Only in the fifth generation of Morozovs there were more than 250 people, including 50 men. Everyone is assertive and honest.

Savva Vasilyevich was undoubtedly an outstanding person.

There are people who are like large and beautiful islands. They serve as a guide for ships, a haven for travelers, blessed for those living nearby.... It is great luck when the earth gives birth to such people - strong and wise, whose eyes are directed forward for many, many years Savva Morozov.... Without exaggeration, this -era. This is the starting point of the entire Morozov case. 4 Morozov manufactories produced products worth 120 million rubles. in year. They employed 9% of Russian workers. The Morozov Old Believers proved themselves to be church and public figures in Russia. There are many legends about him, which are sometimes difficult to separate from the truth. Savva was born in 1770 in the family of serfs Vasily Fedorovich and Lyudmila Morozov in the village of Zuevo, Bogorodsky district, Moscow province. In the 18th century, the village belonged to the Vsevolozhsky gentlemen and the main Palace Chancellery, and by the beginning of the 19th century it was purchased by the landowner Nikolai Gavrilovich Ryumin.

Nothing is known about Savva’s childhood. Information reached us that at first he helped his father in fishing, fortunately Zuevo stood on the left bank of the Klyazma River, grazed cattle, and was engaged in carting. It is noteworthy that, having lived to a ripe old age, he never mastered Russian literacy.

Low earnings and the scarcity of the local lands (you won’t get a good harvest on the sands and swamps) forced the teenager to engage in silk weaving. He became a weaver in the silk establishment of I.F. Kononov, a serf of the same Ryumin.

At first, Savva Vasilyevich worked as a weaver at Kononov’s small factory and received 5 rubles in banknotes plus “the owner’s grub” from the owner of the establishment.

It was his lot to become a soldier. He made a large loan from Kononov, wanted to pay off the recruitment, bought a receipt and found a “hunter” Kononov for himself, gave money, wanted to enslave a good worker. But Savva, who worked piecework with the whole family, paid off the debt in two years.

In 1797, Savva Vasilyevich Morozov married Ulyana Afanasyevna, a green-eyed, cheerful girl - a serf, the daughter of a dyer. On the wedding day, Ryumin presented Savva Vasilyevich 5 rubles in gold for diligence in work, respect and obedience. 5

In 1797, on the left bank of the Klyazma, he set up a silk weaving workshop, inviting several hired weavers. This was the beginning of the Morozovs’ commercial and industrial business, which would have celebrated its 200th anniversary in 1997.

The openwork fabrics produced by Savva Vasilyevich were beautifully and efficiently dyed by Ulyana Afanasyevna, who inherited the skill and subtleties of the dyeing craft from her father.

Savva Vasilyevich was a good craftsman in processing openwork fabrics and after the war of 1812 he also became a businessman: he walked more than 100 miles to the capital city, carrying openwork products in a knapsack on his back. Legs, arms and head, united in one endeavor, gave an excellent result.

The demand for such goods in Moscow was high, and newspapers reported that the sale of white-stone kumachi, nanka and casinet during the period of the continental blockade, when the supply of fabrics from outside was reduced, “gave five times the ruble for the ruble, and the ruin of Moscow in 1812 and then the widespread demand paper goods.... they intensified Savva Morozov's capital growth to such an extent that his trade turnover at that time already exceeded tens of thousands. 6

Not missing the opportunities and the situation that developed as a result of the War of 1812, he quickly switched to the production of cotton fabrics as the easiest to produce and quickly sold out. For 10-12 hours, Savva’s entire family worked every day in the workshop, “making fabrics; they were transferred to piecework wages and were also hired.

The cleanliness of his work and the durability of his colors earned him the reputation of a skilled craftsman, and, already knowing the days on which Savva Vasilyevich came to Moscow, buyers came out to meet him to intercept the “good goods.” One of the legends says that Savva was such an outstanding pedestrian that, leaving Zuev at dawn, he was in Moscow by evening. You have to be a good athlete to cover about 100 miles in a day.

The reputation of an exceptionally honest person gave Savva Vasilyevich an additional opportunity to carry money - many peasants, especially Old Believers, trusted him with their “savings” for a small percentage, which solved in his favor the sensitive problem of the industrialist’s dependence on the banker 7 . All of Morozov’s money was kept by his wife; she carefully hid it, but then, realizing that the money should not just lie there, she began to lend it out at low interest. Thus, the process of initial capital accumulation took place, which is the initial stage in the development of any industrial enterprise. It was thanks to this that Morozov was able to repay the debt to the manufacturer Kononov, from whom he took a loan in order to pay off the conscription.

He, like the porcelain entrepreneurs Kuznetsov, is credited with using counterfeit banknotes. A devout Old Believer was associated with Guslitsa. It is known not only for its “ancient piety,” but was also famous for printing counterfeit money, which became a household name: “Guslitsky” was the name given to all counterfeits in Moscow.

The Gusliks made money so skillfully that sometimes they were not inferior in quality to the original ones. They even printed penny stamps, doing so at a loss, in order to show their skill. Instead of a corresponding warning stating that counterfeiting is punishable by law, they wrote: “Ours are no worse than yours.” This might or might not have happened.

Legends arose for the simple reason that the average person could not understand how a serf peasant, a lapotnik, who was also illiterate, was able to show the intelligence and acumen of an experienced merchant and entrepreneur and accumulate large capital.

Thus, the first stage of the Morozovs’ entrepreneurial activity ends. Its main content was the initial accumulation of capital as an important stage in the development of the family.

Life worked out so well that the former serf, who walked to the capital, in his old age rode in a satin carriage. Portraits of Savva Vasilyevich have not survived, but, according to his great-grandson Savva Timofeevich Morozov, he was “heroic in stature, long-legged, handy.” And, one must think, strongly confident in himself, far-sighted, homely. This is evidenced even by the white stone Old Believer cross at the Rogozhskoe cemetery with the inscription, already faded with time: “At this cross lies the family of the merchant of the first guild, Savva Vasilyevich Morozov.” That's how it is! Not only did the merchant leave 4 factories to his sons and grandsons during his lifetime, he also managed to think about his distant descendants: “How to arrange for them in the next world.”

In 1821, Savva Vasilyevich bought “freedom” from G.V. Ryumin for 17,000 rubles for his father, Vasily Fedorovich, for himself and his four sons 8 .

It is interesting that the landowner, who freed Morozov’s family, set a condition - to supply him with Morozov’s hand-woven products....

Having received his freedom, Savva Vasilyevich Morozov in 1823 acquired from Ryumin for 500 rubles in banknotes a plot on the right bank of the Klyazma 2.3 versts long and 2 versts wide, which was called the manor and horsetail wasteland - Plesy. 9 Having added an extra number “2” to the fake map, he increased the area tenfold in width to include forests and swamps. Apparently a true orthodox Christian, the Old Believer lived by the rule: “if you don’t sin, you don’t repent.”

You should pay attention to the sequence of emergence of the Morozov factories.

Textile products during the production process go through three main stages: spinning, weaving, and dyeing. For Morozov, the process proceeded in the reverse order, not according to his whim, but according to calculations dictated by life. England did not export spinning equipment and sell yarn at that time. He started with finishing, then weaving. This is how all the modern industrialists of Morozov started.

In 1830, two factories of Savva Vasilyevich Morozov had already appeared on the purchased plot of land: a goods finishing factory with hand weaving and a dyeing factory. In honor of the launch of the first factory, on the day of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, a prayer service was held, and Savva Morozov’s manufactory began to be called “Nikolskaya”. A little earlier, in 1825, in Moscow, Savva Vasilyevich founded a hand-weaving factory, equipped with 240 looms with jacquard machines for the production of colored patterned fabrics. 10 In October 1844, the cloth factory of Savva Vasilyevich Morozov began its activities in Zuev 11 and, finally, in 1846, paper spinning and mechanical weaving production was created in Nikolskoye. 12

Russian entrepreneurs producing fabrics from English yarn were interested in their own spinning establishments. They arose at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, which was hindered by the English government's ban on the export of spinning machines from England. In 1842 the ban was lifted.

“The real commercial genius of Morozov (as A.V. Krivoshein notes in his memoirs) was manifested in the fact that this former serf, separated by the Old Believers from European culture, brought up in Domostroy, realized that either his business would accept all the latest achievements of foreign technology, or it would stop 13 And he turns for help to the German Ludwig Knop, a representative of the English company De Jersey, who equipped the new factory of Savva Vasilyevich Morozov in Nikolskoye with English equipment, providing (at the request of Savva Vasilyevich) a full list of services related to installation and maintenance Thus, the British appeared at the Nikolskaya factory, and in Orekhovo-Zuevo there was a street popularly nicknamed “English.” L. Knop for many years remained the main creditor of the Morozov manufactory, supplying it not only with equipment, but also with raw materials.

Thus, Morozov was one of the first industrialists in Russia to carry out an industrial revolution at his enterprises.

He understood that the brake on the development of the textile industry was the lack of transport communications. Savva Vasilyevich, starting in 1857, conducted a long correspondence with the goal of directing the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod railway line past Orekhovo-Zuev, and not through Pavlovo-Posad and Pokrov, as the Pavlovskys wanted manufacturers. 14 Bargaining took place between the Morozovs and the Zimins. The Zimins' manufacturers offered 50 thousand rubles to build a railway line where their factories were located. They were interrupted by Morozov, who gave 200 thousand rubles. The road divided Nikolskoye into two parts. 12 miles of broad gauge track were laid on the territory of the Morozov factories. Peat mining and Nikolskoye were separated by 80 miles of narrow gauge lines. They approached factories and workers' barracks, eight Kolomna steam locomotives with wide pipes, they were called "frogs", transported peat to the boiler houses. Almost every factory had boiler rooms and steam engines.

With the separation of his sons Elisha and Zakhar Savich from the general firm, Savva Vasilyevich in 1850, already in his old age, transferred the management of all affairs to his youngest son Timofey Savvich with the close cooperation of his fourth son Ivan and his two young grandchildren Abram and David Abramovich, direct heirs of the then already deceased third son, Abram Savvich Morozov.

After the reform of 1861, which abolished serfdom in Russia, the textile industry developed rapidly. In June 1861, traffic on the Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod railway opened. Scientist of local historian K.N. Tikhonravov, who went on his first trip by train from Vladimir to Moscow, visiting Nikolskoye during a stop on June 27, 1861. He wrote that in Nikolskoye there was “a stone house for the directorate of factories, 9 one-story outbuildings for foreigners and other employees, 11 two-story and 19 one-story barracks for workers, a stone bathhouse, a two-story house for a hospital with 56 beds and one practicing doctor” 15

The work of the founder of the company was continued by his children and grandchildren, who inherited from Savva Vasilyevich not only factories and capital, but also calculation, enterprise and the Morozov family trait - stubbornness in achieving the goal.

Savva Vasilyevich died on December 15, 1860. His faithful, loving friend, his wife, who supported her husband’s endeavors throughout the 63 years of their marriage, died after him on January 18, 1861. Savva Vasilyevich and Ulyana Afanasyevna were Old Believers of the Popov Consent and all their lives they remained faithful to the covenants and ideals of their ancestors.

Savva Vasilyevich was buried at the Rogozhskoye cemetery under a cross made of white stone.