I am categorically against this approach. Usually it all ends - either with nothing, or with forums clogged with pleas for help. Even if someone is helped, 90% of the time it will never appear on electronics sites again. In the remaining 10%, he continues to flood the forums with pleas, they will first kick him, then throw mud at him. Of these 10%, another 9% are eliminated. Then there are two options: either it comes to a stupid head and still goes to the beginning, or in particularly neglected variants, it is his lot to copy other people’s designs, without a single thought about how it works. Arduinists are often born from the latter.
The way from scratch, in my opinion, is to study the peripherals and features, if it is a microcontroller. It’s better to first figure out how to kick your legs, then timers, then interfaces. And only then try to raise your FAT. Yes, this is not fast, and it will require time and effort, but practice shows that no matter how you try to shorten this path, problems will still emerge that will have to be solved and you will spend much more time without this base.
Just don’t confuse warm and soft. First, there are exceptions to all rules, I personally saw people who had never held microcontrollers in their hands before, but in an extremely short period of time they were able to outpace experienced experienced radio amateurs, we don’t take them into account. Secondly, I came across individuals who started by copying diagrams and figured it out right away, but this is most likely an exception to the rule. Thirdly, there are also experienced programmers among the Arduino developers; this is just a platform, but this is rather an exception.
If we talk about the general mass, then things are exactly as I described at the beginning: reluctance to deal with the basics, at best, delays the moment when you have to return to these issues. In the worst case, you will quickly hit the ceiling of your knowledge and always blame someone else for your problems.
2. Before solving a problem, break it down to the point of absurdity, down to “soldering a resistor”, this helps, it’s been tested. Small problems are much easier to solve. When a large task is broken down into a bunch of small actions, all that remains is to complete them. I can give you one more piece of good advice, even though it may seem crazy to you - get a notebook and write in it everything you are going to do. You think I’ll remember that, but no. Let’s say today I’m in a good mood and I’m thinking about how to collect the board. Write down an action plan: go buy a resistor, prepare the wires, mount the display. Then you’ll forget everything, open your notebook and look - yeah, today I’m in the mood to saw and plan, I’ll make a fastening. Or you are assembling a board and the last component is left to be soldered, but that’s not the case, the resistors have run out, so I should have written it down before soldering, then I remembered.
3. Do not use code generators, non-standard features and other simplifications, at least in the first stages. I can give you my personal example. When I was actively using AVR, I used CAVR codogen. I was completely satisfied with him, although everyone said he was crap. The bells were constantly ringing, there were problems with libraries, with syntax, with porting, but it was hard to give up on it. I didn’t understand how it worked, I just knew where and how to check the boxes.
The stake was driven into my coffin with the advent of STM32, it was necessary to crawl onto them, and that’s when the problems appeared. Problems are putting it mildly; in fact, I had to master microcontrollers and the C language from scratch. I didn't repeat past mistakes again. I must say this has already come in handy more than once. Since then, I’ve had the opportunity to work with other platforms and I don’t experience any difficulties; the approach justifies itself.
Regarding all the improvements and simplifications, there was one very good comparison: they are like wheelchairs that ride on rails, you can go and enjoy, but you can’t get up, where they take you, you’ll get there.
4. Learn C language. Oh, how often do I hear novice radio amateurs boast that they know the radio well. This became food for me; I always like to consult with such interlocutors. It usually becomes clear right away that they don’t know the language at all. I can say that despite the apparent simplicity, I haven’t met many people who really knew him well. Basically, everyone knows him as much as is required to solve problems.
However, the problem in my opinion is that without knowing the possibilities, you severely limit yourself. On the one hand, not optimal solutions that will require more powerful hardware, on the other hand, unreadable code that is difficult to maintain. In my opinion, readability and maintainability of code is one of the most important places and it is difficult for me to imagine how this can be achieved without using all the capabilities of the C language.
Many beginners are disdainful of learning the language, so if you are not like everyone else, you will immediately become two steps above other beginners. It also makes no difference where to study the language. In my opinion, a microcontroller is not very suitable for this. It is much easier to install some kind of Visual studio or Qt Creator and solve problems on the command line.
It will also be a good help to study any language tests that are given during interviews. If you dig around, you can learn a lot of new things.
5. Learning assembler? There is no need to be afraid of him, nor to idolize him. You shouldn’t think that if you know how to write a program in assembly language, you will immediately become a microcontroller guru, for some reason this is a common misconception. First of all, it is a tool. Even if you don't plan to use it, I would still strongly recommend writing at least a couple of programs. This will greatly simplify your understanding of the operation of the microcontroller and the internal structure of programs.
6. Read the datasheet. Many developers neglect this. By studying the datasheet you will be two steps higher than those developers. Doing this is extremely useful, firstly, this is the primary source, no matter what sites you read, in most cases they repeat information from the datasheet, often with errors and omissions. There may also be information there that you don't think about now, but that may be useful in the future. It may happen that some kind of error pops up and you remember that yes, it was said about this in the datasheet. If your goal is to become a good developer, then this stage cannot be avoided; you will have to read datasheets; the sooner you start doing this, the faster your growth will go.
7. People often ask to send datasheets in Russian. A datasheet is something that should be perceived as the truth, the most accurate information. Even there, mistakes are possible. If the translator’s mistakes are added to this, he is also a human being, maybe not even on purpose, just misspelled. Or he has his own vision, he may miss something that, in his opinion, is not important, but perhaps extremely important for you. The situation becomes especially funny when you need to find documentation for not very popular components.
In my opinion, it is much easier to exclude the entire layer of these problems in advance than to catch them later. Therefore, I am categorically against translations, the only true advice is to study English in order to read datasheets and manuals in the original. You can understand the meaning of a phrase with the help of translator programs, even if your language level is completely zero.
I conducted an experiment: I had a student, a datasheet and Google translator. Experiment No. 1: the student was given a datasheet and given the task to independently find the required values, the result is “how can I”, “I don’t know English”, “I didn’t find anything/I didn’t understand” are typical phrases indicating that he didn't even try. Experiment No. 2: the same student was given the same datasheet and the same task, with the difference that I sat next to him. The result is that after 5 minutes he found all the necessary values himself, absolutely without my participation, without knowing English.
8. Reinvent the wheel. For example, if you are studying some new thing, say a transistor, Uncle Horowitz authoritatively declares from the pages of his book that the transistor amplifies, always say - I DON’T BELIEVE. We take the transistor in our hands, plug it into the circuit and make sure that this is really the case. There is a whole layer of problems and subtleties that are not described in books. You can only feel them when you pick them up and try to assemble them. At the same time, we get a bunch of related knowledge and learn the subtleties. In addition, any theory without practice will be forgotten much faster.
At the initial stage, one method helped me a lot - first you assemble a circuit and see how it works, and then try to find a rationale in a book. The same is with the software part, when there is a ready-made program, it is easier to understand it and correlate the pieces of code which is responsible for what.
It is also important to go beyond what is permitted, apply more/less voltage, make larger/smaller resistors and monitor changes in the operation of the circuit. All this remains in the brain and will be useful in the future. Yes, this is fraught with consumption of components, but I consider this inevitable. At first, I sat and fired everything, but now, before betting this or that denomination, I always remember those fun times and the consequences of putting the wrong denomination.
9. How would I do this if I were the developers? Can I do better? Ask yourself these questions every time, it really helps you progress in your learning. For example, study the 1wire, i2c, spi, uart interfaces, and then think about how they differ, whether it could have been done better, this will help you understand why everything is this way and not otherwise. You will also be aware of when and which one is better to use.
10. Don't be limited by technology. It is important that this advice has a very fine line. There was a stage in life when from every doorway you could hear “you should know FPGAs”, “but you can do something with FPGAs”. Formally, I had no goals to study PLISins, but there was no way I could ignore it. A little time was allocated for familiarization with this issue. Time was not wasted, I had a number of questions regarding the internal structure of microcontrollers, and it was after communicating with the Plisins that I received answers to them. There are many similar examples; all the knowledge that I acquired in one form or another came in handy sooner or later. I don't have a single useless example.
But as has been said, the issue of technology has a fine line. There is no need to grab everything. There are many areas in electronics. Maybe you like analog, maybe digital, maybe you’re a power supply specialist. If it’s not clear, then try yourself everywhere, but practice shows that at first it’s better to concentrate on something specific. Even if you need to press in several directions, it is better to do it in steps, first pushing through one thing.
11. If you ask a novice radio amateur what he likes more: programming or circuit design, then with a 99% probability the answer will be programming. At the same time, these programmers spend most of their time on making boards with LUT/photoresist. The reasons are generally clear, but quite often this turns into a kind of insanity, which consists of making boards for the sake of making boards.
On the Internet, almost the only real way to programming is to become a Jedi of printed circuit board manufacturing. I also went through this path, but every time I ask myself the question why? Ever since I bought myself a couple of boards, for all occasions, every time I think that I could easily live all this time without homemade boards. My advice is, if there is even a drop of doubt, it is better not to bother and take a ready-made debugging board, and it would be better to spend time and money on programming.
12. The next piece of advice is especially painful; I really don’t want to discuss it, but I have to. They often write to me, saying that xxx rubles are too expensive, where can I get them cheaper. It seems like a common question, but usually I immediately get tensed by it, since it often turns into endless complaints about the lack of money. I always have a question: why not tear off the butt and go to work? Even at the same time, even for construction, you have to wait a month, but then you can buy a couple of boards that will last for the next year. Yes, I know that it is difficult to find work in small towns and villages, move to a big city. Work remotely, in general you need to spin. There is simply no point in complaining, there is a way out of the situation, whoever looks for it finds it.
13. In the same piggy bank I will add the very painful issue of the instrument. The tool should allow you to develop devices as quickly as possible. For some reason, many developers do not value their time. A typical example is a cheap crimp for terminals, which many employers like to save on. The problem is that it doesn't even crimp correctly, causing the wires to fall out. You have to perform a bunch of additional manipulations, wasting time accordingly. But as you know, a fool pays three times, so the low price of a crimper will increase many times over, due to the time spent and poor quality of crimping.
I'm not saying that cheap = bad, no - it all depends on the situation. Let me return to the example of the crimper; there was a time when I crimped it with anything, so problems often arose. It’s especially unpleasant when you start a board and it doesn’t work, after a long search for an error you realize that it’s because of a poorly crimped wire, it’s a shame. Since normal crimping appeared, there have been no such problems. Yes, the inner toad was croaking and choked by its cost, but I never regretted this decision. All I want to say is that after working with a normal tool, you don’t want to go back to the bad one, you don’t even want to discuss it. As practice shows, it is better not to skimp on tools; if in doubt, test it from someone, read reviews, reviews.
14. Start a website, you can write whatever you want on it, just like notes. Practice shows that employers still don’t read it, but the fact itself has a great effect.
15. A delicate question: specialized higher education, is it necessary? I know of more than one case where people worked with absolutely no education and, based on their experience and knowledge, they could give a light to any certified specialist. Actually, I don’t have a specialized education, do I feel discomfort from this? To a certain extent, yes.
At the very beginning, when microcontrollers were a hobby for me, I helped a lot with coursework and diplomas from different universities, just to assess my level. I can say with confidence that the level is generally low, regardless of the name of the university. It is not necessary to study for several years in order to write such a diploma. You can achieve this yourself in a very short period of time. And yet, there were often times when students knew some subject that they took in the 2-3rd year, but I did not know it. Although all this knowledge was compensated by self-education, it would still be better not to waste time on this.
University for the sake of a piece of paper. I can say that there were also situations when they were offered a job that required a mandatory education and it was a shame that at that moment there was no piece of paper. But in general, history shows that most employers don't care about your paperwork.
The next point is quite often not taken into account, this is the environment. Don’t forget that the people you study with are your generation, and it is possible that you will work with them. The number of firms operating in one industry is very limited. Practice shows that even in big cities, everyone knows about each other, down to intimate details.
Another point is opportunities. Often, universities have their own capabilities - equipment, maybe some sections, maybe some programs for working abroad, this should be used if there is even the slightest opportunity. If you don’t see any prospects at a university, go to another, the world doesn’t end at just one.
To summarize, the advice is this: if there is even the slightest opportunity, you need to go study, definitely according to your profile; if there is at least some chance, then climb everywhere, and not sit in the back seat. Make acquaintances, at the same time practice and develop yourself at home.
16. Is it too late to start programming at 20, 30, 40, 50 years old? The practice of other people shows that age is not a hindrance at all. For some reason, many do not take into account the fact that there is a whole layer of work that young people, due to their ambitions, do not want to do. Therefore, employers prefer to hire those who will carry it. This is your chance to get hooked, and then everything depends only on you.
And one last piece of advice. Many radio amateurs are uncommunicative, angry and irritable - consider this a job specificity. Radiate kindness and positivity, be a good person.
Microcontrollers are a special type of chip used to control various electronic devices.
These are miniature computers, all of whose components (processor, RAM, ROM) are located on one chip. They are distinguished from microprocessors by the presence of timers, controllers, comparators and other peripheral devices. Currently, microcontrollers are used in production:
- sensors for cars;
- toys;
- voltage indicators, chargers;
- control panels;
- miniature electronic devices.
Management is carried out using special programs.
It is recommended for beginners to begin mastering the programming of microcontrollers by studying the architecture and varieties. The industry produces the following types of MK:
- built-in;
- 8-, 16- and 32-bit;
- digital signal processors.
Microcontroller manufacturers have to constantly balance between size, power and price of products. That's why 8-bit models are still in use. They have rather low productivity, but in many cases this fact is an advantage, because allows you to save energy resources. Digital signal processors are capable of processing large data streams in real time. However, their cost is much higher.
The number of opcodes used may not be the same. Therefore, RISC and CISC instruction systems are used. The first is considered reduced and is executed in one clock cycle of the generator. This makes it possible to simplify the hardware implementation of the CPU and increase the performance of the chip. CISC is a complex system that can significantly increase the efficiency of the device.
It is impossible to learn microcontroller programming for beginners without understanding algorithms. Commands are sent to the chip's CPU in a specific order. Moreover, their structure must be perceived unambiguously by the processor. Therefore, first the programmer creates a sequence of command execution. You can force the CPU to stop the program immediately by calling an interrupt. For this purpose, external signals or built-in peripheral devices are used.
Microcontroller families
The most common microcontroller families are:
- MSP430 (TI);
- ARM (ARM Limited);
- MCS 51 (INTEL);
- STMB (STMicroelectronics);
- PIC (Microchip);
- AVR (Atmel);
- RL78 (Renesas Electronics).
One of the most popular products in the electronics industry is Atmel's products, built on a RISC core. The first microcircuits, developed in 1995, belong to the Classic group. It is advisable to study programming of AVR microcontrollers for beginners on more modern models:
- Mega is a family of powerful chips with an advanced architecture.
- Tiny - inexpensive products with eight pins.
It must be remembered that compatibility of command systems is maintained only when transferring a program from a low-performance microcontroller to a more powerful one.
Atmel products are simple and understandable. However, to use all the functionality you will have to develop software. It is recommended for beginners to start programming AVR microcontrollers by downloading the specialized Atmel Studio environment. The current version is provided by the manufacturer's official website free of charge. No additional software components are required to develop software in this environment.
The Atmel Studio complex includes a huge number of examples of finished projects. This will help a beginner quickly master the basic capabilities and start creating their own programs. It also has modules for compiling and final debugging of code. In parallel with its development, you need to study programming languages. Without them, software cannot be developed.
Programming languages
In their structure, microcontroller programming languages differ little from those used for personal computers. Among them there are low and high level groups. Modern programmers mainly use C/C++ and Assembly. There are endless debates between adherents of these languages about which one is better.
Low-level assembler has been losing ground lately. It uses direct instructions addressed directly to the chip. Therefore, the programmer is required to have impeccable knowledge of the processor system commands. Writing software in Assembly takes a significant amount of time. The main advantage of the language is the high speed of execution of the finished program.
In fact, almost any microcontroller programming language can be used. But the most popular is C/C++. This is a high-level language that allows you to work with maximum comfort. Moreover, the creators of C took part in the development of the AVR architecture. Therefore, chips produced by Atmel are adapted specifically to this language.
C/C++ is a harmonious combination of low-level and high-level capabilities. Therefore, it is possible to introduce Assembly language inserts into the code. The finished software product is easy to read and modify. The development speed is quite high. In this case, a thorough study of the MK architecture and the CPU command system is not required. C compilers are equipped with libraries of impressive size, which makes the programmer's work easier.
It should be noted that the choice of the optimal programming language also depends on the hardware. If you have a small amount of RAM, it is not advisable to use high-level C. In this case, Assembler is more suitable. It provides maximum performance due to the short program code. There is no universal programming environment, but most free and commercial applications can use both Assembly and C/C++.
PIC microcontrollers
The first PIC microcontrollers appeared in the second half of the last century. Microchip's fast 8-bit chips instantly gained popularity. The dual-bus Harvard architecture delivers unprecedented speed. It was developed on the basis of a set of registers, which is characterized by bus separation.
When choosing a programming language for PIC microcontrollers, you must take into account that the family of microcircuits is based on a unique RISC processor design. The symmetrical command system allows you to arbitrarily select the addressing method and perform operations in any register. At the moment, the Microchip company produces 5 varieties of MKs that are compatible by software code:
- PIC18CXXX (75 commands, built-in hardware stack);
- PIC17CXXX (58 commands 16-bit format);
- PIC16CXXX (35 commands, large set of peripherals);
- PIC16C5X (33 instructions, 12-bit format, 18-28 pin packages);
- PIC12CXXX (versions with 35 and 33 commands, integrated generator).
In most cases, PIC MCUs have one-time programmable memory. There are more expensive models with Flash or ultraviolet erasure. An assortment of 500 items allows you to choose a product for any task. Now the manufacturer is concentrating its efforts on developing 32-bit versions with increased memory capacity.
The programming languages for PIC microcontrollers are Assembler and C. Any integrated development environment (IDE) is suitable for coding. Programming with them is very convenient. They automatically translate program text into machine code. An important characteristic of the IDE is the ability to step-by-step simulate the operation of finished software. We recommend using the MPLAB development environment. It was created by Microchip.
Before starting to work in MPLAB, we recommend creating a separate folder each time. This is necessary so as not to get confused in project files. The program interface is intuitive, and there should be no difficulties with it. For debugging, proprietary debuggers Pickit, ICD, REAL ICE, IC PROG are used. They have the ability to view the contents of memory and set checkpoints.
The topic of electronic design is becoming increasingly popular. We bring to your attention an article that will tell you about microcontrollers for beginners.
What microcontrollers are there?
First of all, it is necessary to outline the situation with microcontrollers. The fact is that they are produced not by one company, but by several at once, so there are quite a lot of different microcontrollers that have different parameters, different features when used and different capabilities. They differ in speed, additional interfaces and number of pins. The most popular throughout the former USSR are representatives of RIS and AVR. Programming AVR and PIC microcontrollers is not difficult, which has ensured their popularity.
How are microcontrollers programmed?
Programming of microcontrollers is carried out, as a rule, using special devices called programmers. Programmers can be either purchased or homemade. But when flashing a microcontroller using a homemade programmer, the chance that it will turn into a “brick” is quite high. There is another option that can be considered using the Arduino board as an example. The board runs on an Atmel microcontroller and is used for programming AVR microcontrollers. The board already has a pre-flashed bootloader and a USB port, which allow you to safely flash the microcontroller in use, without giving the user access to data that could damage this same microcontroller. Programming microcontrollers for beginners is not as difficult as it might seem, and with some skill and intelligence it will save you from the need to go for a new mechanism.
Hardware differences between different microcontrollers
When choosing microcontrollers, you should pay attention to some hardware differences, not even from different companies, but also in the same model range. First, you should pay attention to the possibility of rewriting information to the microcontroller. This function will allow you to experiment with one MK for a long time. Also pay attention to the number of pins with their purpose. Do not neglect the operating frequency of the crystal on which the circuit operates: the number of operations per second that the microcontroller can perform depends on it. When examining these characteristics, as well as the memory of the MK, at first it may seem that nothing meaningful can be done on microcontrollers, but this is a mistaken opinion. Remember that programming microcontrollers for beginners does not require the best equipment at the beginning, but you can have something more powerful in reserve.
Microcontroller programming languages
Two languages are used for programming microcontrollers: C/C++ and assembler. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. So, if we talk about assembler, then it makes it possible to do everything very subtly and efficiently, this is especially important when there is not enough RAM or operational power (which, however, happens quite rarely). But studying it and writing programs on it requires quite a lot of effort, punctuality and time. Therefore, for development based on microcontrollers, the programming languages C and C++ are often used. They are more understandable; in their appearance and structure they are close to human speech, although they do not represent it in a full understanding. They also have very well-developed functionality that can easily interact with the hardware, imagining that it is just a program element. For all their obvious advantages, more voluminous programs are created in C and C++ than in assembler.
Also, in some cases, when the operational space used is critical, these languages can be combined. Almost all development environments for C and C++ have the ability to install assembler inserts into the program. Therefore, if a problem arises in a critical area, you can write an assembly insert and integrate it into the firmware for the microcontroller, and the firmware itself, or rather, most of it, can be written in C or C++. Programming microcontrollers in SI is easier, which is why many people choose these languages. But those who are not afraid of difficulties and want to understand the peculiarities of how the equipment works can try their hand at assembly language.
Parting words
If you want to experiment with great. We can only advise you to be patient and persistent, and then any goals set for the inventor will turn out to be feasible. Programming microcontrollers for beginners and for experienced people looks different: what is difficult for beginners, is routine for experienced people. The main thing is to remember that everything that does not contradict the laws of physics is feasible and solvable.
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Guest, you have entered the Reskladchik club. We are 10 times cheaper than at the Warehouse. Now you can not buy a product for 200 rubles at the Warehouse, but from us at the Restocker for only 20 rubles.
Hide adThe course is aimed primarily at those people who are interested in the topic of electronics and, in particular, programming microcontrollers, as well as those who work in this area, but need to improve their skills to the level of advanced technologies.
The course is largely designed for students who are still little familiar with this topic and want to study everything consistently and in detail. But professional electronics engineers who have lagged behind the latest developments can also find a wealth of information to improve their skills.
After successfully completing the training, the student will be able to write programs to use most of the capabilities of modern microcontrollers. In addition, a good base will allow you to quickly study a controller of a completely different architecture.
Progress of training:
There is detailed material on the course in text form, which the teacher will transfer to the student for additional preparation and to consolidate the knowledge gained.
The course "Programming microcontrollers in C" contains a large number of examples. And during training, as homework, we will draw up circuits and program a microcontroller to control various external devices.
By the way, the student himself can suggest what he wants to implement in the future and the teacher adapts the course of study to bring the student as close as possible to his goal.
Topics covered:
- Introduction to the topic of programming microcontrollers
- Clock generators
- I/O Ports
- Interrupts
- Timers
- Capture module
- Comparison module
- UART
- Working with a graphic display
There are almost a few similar courses and they are all in off-line format. With a teacher, you will undergo individual training according to the author's program.
Thanks to the on-line classes, you will constantly receive feedback from the teacher, who will explain, give advice, and also give recommendations on optimizing programs, and tips on using electronic components. In the future, joint work on real projects in the field of electronics is not excluded.
To begin this course, the student must know the basic concepts of the C programming language and be able to apply them.
If the student is not familiar with the C language, then first you need to take the course: “The Basics of Programming in the C Language” (you can have the same teacher, but in practice it’s even better), and after successfully learning the basics, you can start studying microcontroller programming.
If the student has knowledge of the C language, then the teacher will definitely check this knowledge and, if it is necessary to further understand some topics, then he will recommend which topics need to be repeated.
