Test based on Unified State Exam materials "palace coups". The era of palace coups Palace coups in the form of the Unified State Exam

The era of palace coups is the period from 1725 to 1762, when in Russia, after the death of Peter I, several rulers were replaced as a result of state conspiracies and the actions of the guard, led either by the aristocracy or by Peter’s closest associates. Catherine I, Peter II, Anna Ioannovna, Anna Leopoldovna with her son Ivan Antonovich VI, Elizaveta Petrovna, and finally Peter III came to power successively. They ruled with varying degrees of awareness, involvement in the state process, and for different periods of time. In this lesson you will learn about all these events in more detail.

In the event of a palace coup, no qualitative changes occur either in the political, socio-economic, or cultural structure of the state.

Causes of palace coups

1. Expanding the powers of the state apparatus
2. Nobles gaining greater financial, political and cultural independence
3. Creation of the Guard
4. Decree of Peter I on succession to the throne
5. Lack of a legitimate heir to Peter I

Russian Emperor Peter died in 1725IGreat. The imperial entourage was faced with the question of who would ascend the throne. It turned out that Peter's inner circle was divided into two parts. One part is the aristocracy: Golitsyns, Dolgorukies, etc.; the other part are those people who came to power thanks to their skills and knowledge from the very bottom: HELL. Menshikov (Fig. 2), P.A. Tolstoy (Fig. 3), A.I. Osterman (Fig. 4) and other minor nobles and people from abroad. The aristocracy supported Peter's grandsonI, son of the murdered Tsarevich Alexei - Peter. Those who came from “Petrov’s nest” wanted to see Peter the Great’s wife, Catherine, on the Russian throne.

Rice. 2. A.D. Menshikov - the main favorite of Catherine I ()

Rice. 3. P.A. Tolstoy - favorite of Catherine I ()

Rice. 4. A.I. Osterman - favorite of Catherine I ()

When there was a discussion in the Government Senate about who to put on the throne of the Russian Empire, Menshikov asked the guard her opinion, and she replied that she wanted to see Catherine as the ruler of RussiaI(Fig. 5). Thus, the guard decided the fate of the throne, and from 1725 to 1727. The Russian Empire was ruled by CatherineI. On the one hand, Catherine was a wonderful person, a wise wife. But, on the other hand, during her reign she did not show herself in any way as an empress. An important event was that she, together with Peter I, opened the Academy of Sciences; she herself created the Supreme Privy Council. The de facto ruler of the country under Catherine I was her favorite A.D. Menshikov, who headed the Supreme Privy Council.

Rice. 5. Catherine I - Russian Empress ()

In 1727 CatherineI died. The opinions of the highest aristocracy, the guard, and the “chicks of Peter’s nest” agreed that the next ruler should have been Peter II(Fig. 6), who became the Emperor of the Russian Empire at the age of less than 12 years. HELL. Menshikov decided that he would be the one to control the teenager. At first, Peter II was under the actual influence of Menshikov. He planned to marry Peter to his daughter M.A. Menshikova and thus become related to the royal power.

Rice. 6. Peter II - Russian Emperor ()

But at the peak of his fame, Alexander Danilovich fell ill, and power passed from his hands to the old family aristocracy. The Golitsyns and Dolgorukys quickly persuaded Peter II not to study, but to lead a riotous lifestyle. After Menshikov recovered and tried to influence Peter, he was sent into exile in Siberia, to the city of Berezov. PeterIIuntil 1730 it remained under the control of the aristocratic nobility. They tried to marry him a second time to E.A. Dolgoruky. But some time before the wedding, Peter II fell ill and died very quickly.

After Peter's deathIIThe Supreme Privy Council met to decide who should give power. There were no direct heirs to the throne, but Peter the Great had two daughters - Elizabeth and Anna, but they were not considered as heirs. Then the Supreme Privy Council remembered that Peter I's brother, Ivan, had three daughters, one of whom, Anna Ioannovna, lived in Courland and was a widow.

The Supreme Privy Council decided to elect Anna Ioannovna (Fig. 7) as Empress of Russia, having previously drawn up “conditions” for her that limited her power. First she signed these conditions in order to get out of Courland and get the position of empress in Russia. But when the Empress arrived in Russia, she saw that the guard and broad circles of the nobility were against the country being ruled by the “sovereigns”; she, with all her upper circle, broke the rules, thereby showing that she was rejecting the restrictions imposed on her by the Supreme Privy Council. Thus, she ruled, like previous emperors, autocratically.

Rice. 7. Anna Ioannovna - Russian Empress ()

Anna Ioannovna ruled the Russian Empire from 1730 to 1740. She dealt with the Supreme Privy Council and abolished it. The Golitsyns and Dolgorukys were subjected to repression. Characteristic of Anna’s reign was the so-called “Bironovschina” - the dominance of Germans in public administration (named after the Empress’s favorite E.I. Biron (Fig. 8), who was her co-ruler). They occupied all the main government posts: B.K. Minikh (Fig. 9) stood at the head of the army, A.I. Osterman was at the head of the Cabinet of Ministers. The Empress loved to have fun with her German favorites. All these entertainments collected large taxes from the Russian population.

Rice. 8. E.I. Biron is Anna Ioannovna's main favorite ()

Rice. 9. B.K. Minikh - favorite of Anna Ioannovna ()

During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, the following transformations were made in Russia:

1. Introduction of fashion for balls
2. Completion of construction of Peterhof
3. Introduction of the European lifestyle

A.P. Volynsky tried to somehow limit the dominance of the Germans in Russia, but he could not. For him it ended in execution.

Anna Ioannovna left the Russian throne to her niece Anna Leopoldovna(Fig. 10). But Anna Leopoldovna, at the end of Anna Ioannovna’s life, did not please her, so power passed to Anna Leopoldovna’s son, the recently born Ivan Antonovich VI (Fig. 11). Became regent of Ivan VI E.I. Biron.

Rice. 10. Anna Leopoldovna - mother of Ivan VI ()

Rice. 11. Ivan VI - young Russian emperor ()

Then events developed rapidly - three palace coups took place in one year. Almost immediately after the death of Anna Ioannovna, the once all-powerful Biron was overthrown by a coup by Osterman, who briefly seized supreme state power in Russia. But soon Osterman was overthrown from the throne by Minich, who brought to power Anna Leopoldovna, who did not care about government. She, like Anna Ioannovna, relied on the Germans to govern the country. Meanwhile, a new conspiracy grew behind her back.

As a result, Anna Leopoldovna and Ivan VI ruled Russia from only 1740 to 1741.

Elizaveta Petrovna ( rice. 12), daughter of Peter the Great, was drawn into a conspiracy, with the participation of foreigners, against Anna Leopoldovna and Ivan VI. Relying on the guardsmen, having their powerful support, Elizaveta Petrovna easily carried out a coup d'état and overthrew Anna Leopoldovna And IvanaVI.

Elizabeth I reigned from 1741 to 1761. She loved balls and entertainment. Her favorite favorites were A.G. Razumovsky (Fig. 13) and I.I. Shuvalov (Fig. 14). Under Elizabeth there were wars, victories, attempts at some reforms, and at the same time, in the last years of her life, the often ill empress could not meet with diplomats, ministers and other government officials for months. Elizaveta Petrovna got rid of the “Bironovism” and drove out all the Germans from the top government of the state, opening the way there again for the Russian nobility, which made her a heroine in their eyes.

In 1761 Elizaveta Petrovna died, and her nephew, the son of Anna, the second daughter of Peter the Great, Peter III (Fig. 15) ascended to the Russian throne since the empress did not have a legal husband or children. This emperor ruled the country for less than six months. Conflicting, but most often negative, reviews have been preserved about Peter III. In Russia he was considered not a patriot, since he relied on the Germans, and a stupid person. After all, in his early childhood, Peter was raised as a contender for the throne of Sweden, not the Russian Empire.

Rice. 15. Peter III - Russian Emperor ()

In June 1762, Peter III was overthrown by his own wife, the future Empress Catherine II. With her began a new era of Russian history.

Bibliography

1. Alkhazashvili D.M. The struggle for the legacy of Peter the Great. - M.: Gardariki, 2002.
2. Anisimov E.V. Russia in the middle of the 18th century. (The fight for the legacy of Peter I). - M., 1986.
3. Zagladin N.V., Simonia N.A. History of Russia and the world from ancient times to the end of the 19th century. Textbook for 10th grade. - M.: TID "Russian Word - RS", 2008.
4. Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G., Brandt M.Yu. Russia and the world. Antiquity. Middle Ages. New time. Grade 10. - M.: Education, 2007.
5. Pavlenko N.I. Petrov's nest chicks. - M., 1994.
6. Pavlenko N.I. Passion at the throne. - M., 1996.

1. Allstatepravo.ru ().
2. Encyclopaedia-russia.ru ().
3. Grandars.ru ().

Homework

1. Name the reasons for palace coups.
2. Describe the course of palace coups and its political aspect.
3. What were the results of palace coups for Russia?

About the lecturer

Orlov Igor Borisovich - Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Deputy Head of the Department of Political Science of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the National Research University Higher School of Economics.

Lecture outline

1. Reasons for palace coups;
2. The special role of the guard;
3. The problem of favoritism;
4. The Supreme Council and the fate of “conditions”;
5. Anna Ioannovna and “Bironovschina”;
6. The reign of Elizaveta Petrovna;
7. The struggle of the nobles for the abolition of compulsory service and the Decree on the freedom of the nobility;
8. Palace coup of 1762 and its consequences.

annotation

This lecture examines the historical period 1725-1762, which received in historiography at the suggestion of V.O. Klyuchevsky’s name “the era of palace coups”. The reasons for the formation of a monarchical regime “limited by regicide” were the absence not only of clear mechanisms for the transfer of power, but also of a broad popular support for the regime. It is because of this that the government's political decision-making was highly dependent on the position of the guard. In this regard, “the ten-day constitutional-aristocratic monarchy of the 18th century.” (The Supreme Privy Council and “conditions”) can be regarded as an opportunity to replace autocratic rule with a version of a constitutional monarchy. Further, this lecture examines such elements of the political system of the period 1725-1762 as favoritism, the guards corporation, the “dominance” of foreigners, the Secret Chancellery, the presence of bodies above the Senate (the Supreme Council, the Cabinet of Ministers, the Conference at the Supreme Court). We observe how, during the period under review, the Russian nobility is gradually freed from compulsory service. Thus, a departure is made from the model of noble bureaucracy conceived by Peter I towards an all-class bureaucracy. In general, we can conclude that the European landmarks of the period of palace coups prepared the ground for the spread of the Enlightenment ideology in Russia. Movement along this path implied not only a decline in the role of the Church, but also the abolition over time of the traditional model of the Russian monarchy.

Questions about the topic of the lecture

1. Why exactly the 18th century became the “era of palace coups”?
2. What is the reason for the comparative ease of carrying out coups in Russia in the 18th century?
3. How to explain the fact of widespread co-optation of foreigners into the state power structures of the Russian Empire of the 18th century?
4. How to evaluate the “standards” proposed by the “higher-ups” to Anna Ioannovna: as an aristocratic reaction or an attempt to introduce constitutional government?
5. During the era of palace coups, was continuity preserved in relation to the era of Peter I?

Literature

1. Alkhazashvilli D.M. The struggle for the legacy of Peter the Great. M., 2002.
2. Anisimov E.V. Elizaveta Petrovna. M., 2002.
3. Anisimov E.V. Russia without Peter. St. Petersburg, 1994.
4. Gordin Ya.I."Between Slavery and Freedom." January 19-February 25, 1730 St. Petersburg, 1994.
5. Mylnikov A.S. Peter III: Narration in documents and versions. M., 2002.
6. Pavlenko N.I."Chicks of Peter's Nest." M., 1994.
7. Pavlenko N. Ekaterina I. M., 2004.
8. Petrukhintsev N.N. The reign of Anna Ioannovna: Formation of the internal political course and the fate of the army and navy. St. Petersburg, 2001.
9. Kamensky A.B. From Peter I to Paul I: Reforms in Russia in the 18th century. Experience in holistic analysis. M., 1999.

Palace coups- a period in the history of the Russian Empire of the 18th century, when supreme state power was achieved through palace coups carried out with the help of the guard or courtiers. In the presence of absolutism, this method of changing power remained one of the few ways of influence of society (the noble elite) on the supreme power in the state.

The origins of palace coups should be sought in the policies of Peter I. Published "Decree on succession to the throne" (1722), he maximized the number of potential candidates for the throne. The current monarch had the right to leave anyone as heir. If he did not do this, the question of inheriting the throne remained open.

In the political situation that developed in Russia in the 18th century, coups performed a regulatory function in the relationship between the key systems of absolutism - the autocracy, the ruling elite and the ruling nobility.

Brief chronology of events

After the death of Peter I, his wife reigned Catherine I(1725-1727). Created under her Supreme Privy Council (1726), who helped her in governing the country.

Her heir Peter II(1727-1730), grandson of Peter I, moved the capital of Russia from St. Petersburg to Moscow.

The Supreme Privy Council, having forced the signing of “conditions” - conditions limiting the power of the monarch (1730), invited Anna Ioannovna(1730-1740), Duchess of Courland, daughter of Ivan V, to the Russian throne. The future empress first accepted them and then rejected them. The time of her reign is known as "Bironovism" (name of her favorite). Under her, the Supreme Privy Council was liquidated, the decree on single inheritance was canceled (1730), the Cabinet of Ministers was created (1731), the Gentry Corps was created (1731), the term of noble service was limited to 25 years (1736).

In 1740 he inherits the throne five month nephew of Anna Ioannovna Ivan VI(1740-1741) (regents: Biron, Anna Leopoldovna). The Supreme Privy Council has been restored. Biron reduced the amount of the poll tax, introduced restrictions on luxury in court life, and issued a manifesto on strict observance of the laws.

In 1741, Peter's daughter - Elizabeth I(1741-1761) carries out another coup d'état. Liquidates the Supreme Privy Council, abolishes the Cabinet of Ministers (1741), restores the rights of the Senate, abolishes internal customs duties (1753), creates the State Loan Bank (1754), a decree is passed allowing landowners to send peasants to settle in Siberia (1760).

From 1761-1762 ruled by nephew of Elizabeth I, Peter III. He issues a decree on the secularization of church lands - this is the process of turning Church property into state property (1761), liquidates the Secret Chancellery, and issues a Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility (1762).

Main dates:

1725-1762 - era of palace coups
1725-1727 - CATHERINE I (second wife of Peter I), years of reign.
1727-1730 — PETER II (son of Tsarevich Alexei, grandson of Peter I), years of reign.
1730-1740 - ANNA IOANNOVNA (niece of Peter I, daughter of his brother-co-ruler Ivan V)
1740-1741 - IVAN VI (second cousin, great-grandson of Peter I). Regency of Biron, then Anna Leopoldovna.
1741-1761 — ELIZAVETA PETROVNA (daughter of Peter I), years of reign
1761-1762 - PETER III (grandson of Peter I and Charles XII, nephew of Elizabeth Petrovna).

Table "Palace coups"

Materials for preparing for the Unified State Exam on the topic “Russian Empire in 1725-1762. The era of palace coups"

Explanatory text for the block

The topic “The Age of Palace Revolutions” covers a relatively short period, but is traditionally one of the most difficult: children get confused about names, dates, family ties, etc. That is why the material of the block and the commentary to it have some features: an additional heading “Rulers” has been introduced, working with which (independently or under the guidance of a teacher, tutor), students fill out the upper part of the block.

Rulers. Period 1725-1762 entered Russian history as the era of palace coups. The struggle of various factions in the ruling stratum and the absence of a clear order of succession to the throne led to frequent changes of power. From his first marriage (with Evdokia Lopukhina), Peter I had a son, Alexei, whom he accused of treason and killed, and a little grandson, Peter, whose candidacy was supported by the noble nobility (Golitsyn, Dolgoruky, etc.). From his second marriage - with Catherine - Peter had daughters Anna (married to the Duke of Holstein) and Elizabeth. Another branch of the ruling house was represented by the descendants of Ivan V (the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage to Maria Miloslavskaya) - Anna, who was married to the Duke of Courland and was immediately widowed, and other daughters.

Peter I established that the reigning monarch himself appoints a successor, but did not have time to exercise this right. Under pressure from Peter I’s closest associate A.D. Menshikov and the guards, the widow of Peter Catherine I (1725-1727) was proclaimed empress. After her death, the grandson of Peter I, young Peter II (1727-1730), became emperor. After his sudden death, the nobility invited Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740) to the throne. The latter, trying to secure the throne for her dynastic branch, bequeathed the throne to the grandson of her sister Catherine, the infant Ivan VI (1740-1741). The regent was first the favorite of Anna Biron, and then the mother of Ivan VI, Anna Leopoldovna.

In 1741, the guards enthroned the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth (1741-1761). Then her nephew Peter III (1761-1762) became emperor. Another coup put an end to his reign, with the emperor’s wife Catherine at the head of the conspiracy. In 1762, Peter III was overthrown and killed, and the long reign of Catherine II began.

Domestic policy. Palace coups are considered to be not only the violent change of the supreme ruler, but also any forceful actions by a group of people to establish power acceptable to them. From this point of view, the first coup can be considered the coming to power of Catherine I, when the guards, led by Peter I’s closest associate A.D. Menshikov forced the Senate to agree to her candidacy (1). To govern the country, the Supreme Privy Council was created, which included representatives of the old and new nobility, but it was actually headed by Menshikov (2).

The succession to the throne by Peter II took place peacefully, since Menshikov, who had previously been a categorical opponent of this candidacy, agreed with it, intending to marry the young emperor to his daughter. However, as a result of court intrigue, Menshikov lost all his property and was exiled to Siberia (3).

After the death of Peter II, members of the Supreme Privy Council (“sovereigns”), headed by D.M. Golitsyn, inviting Anna Ioannovna to the throne, decided to limit her power to special conditions (conditions). Anna signed the conditions, but upon arriving at the coronation, she found out that many nobles did not support the plans of the “supreme rulers” to establish aristocratic rule. Then she broke her standards and began to rule as an autocrat (4).

The reign of Anna Ioannovna is traditionally considered a time of dominance by foreigners, known as the Bironovschina (named after the Empress’s favorite German E.I. Biron) (5). Cabinet Minister A.P. became a victim of intrigues. Volynsky, who advocated reforms (6).

Anna appointed Biron as regent for the young Ivan VI, but the latter was overthrown just three weeks after Anna’s death (7). Anna Leopoldovna became regent, but she too was overthrown in 1741 by the guards, who elevated Elizabeth to the throne (8). Elizabeth's twenty-year reign was not marked by deep reforms in management.

Peter III, brought up within the framework of German culture, began to give preference to the Germans, which threatened a repetition of Bironovism. This, as well as the emperor’s open contempt for Russian culture and the end of the Seven Years’ War, which was successful for Russia, caused discontent among the capital’s nobility. In 1762, Peter III was overthrown and killed (9).

Foreign policy. Three traditional directions were preserved - the northwestern (countering Sweden's attempts to take revenge for the defeat in the Northern War); Western (control of the situation in Poland); southern (struggle for access to the Black Sea, countering the raids of the Crimean Tatars).

During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, Russia managed, during the war for the Polish succession, to place its protege on the Polish throne (10), and as a result of the Russian-Turkish war, to return Azov (but without the right to build fortifications there and maintain a fleet) (11). However, wanting to enlist the support of Iran in the fight against the Ottoman Empire, Russia gave it the coast of the Caspian Sea, acquired by Peter I during the Persian campaign (12).

During the reign of Elizabeth, Russia defeated Sweden, which was trying to take revenge for the defeat in the Northern War (13). But the main event was Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War in alliance with Austria and France against Prussia and England (1757-1762). Russia was concerned about the strengthening of Prussia and launched military operations against it, during which it inflicted a series of defeats on the Prussian army of King Frederick II the Great, which was considered the best in Europe (Gross-Jägersdorf, Kunersdorf) and entered Berlin (14). However, the death of Elizabeth and the rise to power of Peter III, who revered Frederick, led to the abandonment of all conquests and the conclusion of an alliance with Prussia (15).

Economy and public relations. During the period described, the Russian economy developed generally successfully. Some events carried out during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna were important, in particular the abolition of internal customs, which contributed to the development of trade, and the establishment of two banks - Noble and Merchant (16).

In the social sphere, two parallel and interconnected processes were observed: the growth of the privileges of the nobles (limiting the term of service, the abolition of the decree on single inheritance, the granting of a monopoly on distillation, etc.) and the strengthening of serfdom, that is, the power of the nobles over the peasants (the right to exile serfs to Siberia, etc. .) (17). Ultimately, under Peter III, the nobles were granted the most important privilege - exemption from compulsory public service (Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility, 1762) (18).

Culture. During the period of palace revolutions, education acquired a more closed class character (compared to the Petrine era), but new educational institutions emerged. In 1755, on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov and Elizabeth's favorite I.I. Shuvalov founded the first university in Russia - Moscow (19).

Science is developing successfully, the center of which is the Academy of Sciences. Major Western scientists are invited to Russia - Euler, Miller, Bernoulli and others (20). Kamchatka expeditions organized by the Academy of Sciences make a number of important discoveries, in particular, they confirm the existence of a strait between America and Asia (V. Bering) (21). The first half of the 18th century marks the activity of the historian V.N. Tatishcheva (22). A great and multifaceted scientist was M.V. Lomonosov, the first Russian member of the Academy of Sciences (23).

Classicism dominated in literature (Lomonosov, Kantemir, Trediakovsky, etc.) (24), in architecture - Baroque (Rastrelli) (25). In the middle of the 18th century. the first public theater (Volkov) is created (26).

TRAINING

1. Working with chronology

Fill the table.

2. Working with personalities

Fill the table. (The right column shows the minimum number of facts you need to know.)

3. Working with the circuit

Fill out the genealogy table “Russian Tsars and Emperors of the Second HalfXVII - first halfXVIIIV.". Underline with a solid line the names of those who occupied the Russian throne, with a dotted line- those who were regents under minor rulers.

4. Working with the map

Find on the map:

Rzeczpospolita, Sweden, Crimean Khanate, St. Petersburg.

5. Working with concepts

Define the concepts.

1. Conditions -

6. Working with the judgments of historians

ABOUT Which figures from the era of palace coups and reigns do historians talk about?

A.“The Russians praised her reign: she expressed more trust in them than in the Germans, restored the power of the Senate, abolished the death penalty, had good-natured lovers, a passion for fun and tender poetry.”______________________

B.“Jesters were a necessary accessory of the court... Among them was one Prince Golitsyn, nicknamed Kvasnik. They decided to marry the fifty-year-old Kvasnik to the Kalmyk court lady Buzheninova, and at this opportunity they decided to have a lot of fun... They came up with the idea of ​​​​building an Ice House for the newlyweds...”___________________

B.“Her family life with a 17-year-old eternal runt began gray and callous... He played with his dolls and soldiers... “Dear Aunt” was a real tyrant... She could only send letters to her parents drawn up at the College of Foreign Affairs ... She met a real, reliable ally in the fight against boredom in the book.” ___________________________

G.“[He] has not reached the age when a person’s personality is fully determined, and history hardly has the right to pronounce any sentence about him... Death befell him at a time when he was in the power of the Dolgorukovs; Probably, if he had remained alive, then the Dolgorukovs, through the intrigues of some favorites of fortune, would have suffered the fate of Menshikov.” _________________________________

D.“He got himself a special Holstein guard from all sorts of international rabble, but not from his Russian subjects: they were mostly sergeants and corporals of the Prussian army... Considering the army of Frederick II as a model for himself, [he] tried to assimilate the manners and habits of the Prussian soldier."_____________________

E.“Russia has COME TO ITSELF. Russian people again appeared in the highest places of government, and when a foreigner was appointed to a secondary position, the [empress] asked: isn’t there a Russian? A foreigner can only be appointed when there is no capable Russian.” ______________________

AND.“No matter how hard they tried to reduce the misfortunes of this time in individual particular features, it will forever remain the darkest time in our history of the 18th century, for it was not about private misfortunes, not about material deprivations: the people’s spirit suffered, a betrayal was felt of the fundamental, vital rule of the great transformer, the darkest side of the new life was felt, the yoke from the West was felt, heavier than the previous yoke from the East - the Tatar yoke.

CONTROL TASKS

Level A assignments

When completing the tasks in this part, for each task, choose the correct answer, the only one of the four proposed, and circle it.

1. Which series of dates reflects the beginning of the reigns?

1) 1725, 1732 3) 1730, 1751

2) 1728, 1741 4) 1727, 1761

2. During the reign of Catherine I, it was created

1) Moscow University

2) Supreme Privy Council

3) Stacked commission

4) Holy Synod

3. One of the reasons for the overthrow of Peter III

2) Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility

3) transition from war with Prussia to an alliance with it

4) the emperor is too young

4. The era is called Bironovschina

1) Biron’s regency after the death of Anna Ioannovna

2) the reign of Anna Ioannovna

3) from the death of Peter the Great to the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth

4) palace coups

5. The restrictions on Anna Ioannovna's power were written down in a document called

1) Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility

2) Testament

3) Conditions

6. At the beginning of the Seven Years' War he commanded the Russian troops

1) S.F. Apraksin 3) P.A. Rumyantsev

2) A.D. Menshikov 4) P.S. Saltykov

7. Was canceled during the era of palace coups

1) decree on the order of succession to the throne

2) decree on unified inheritance

3) “Table of ranks”

4) “Spiritual regulations”

8. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739. Russian troops

1) crossed the Danube River

2) founded Sevastopol

3) launched military operations in the Caucasus

4) entered Crimea

9. Noble Bank

1) issued preferential loans to landowners secured by estates

2) organized new landowner farms on acquired lands

3) financed the creation of patrimonial manufactories

4) all of the above is true

10. Read an excerpt from a historical source and indicate when the events described occurred.

“The princess went straight to the guardroom. “Wake up, my children,” she told the soldiers, “and listen to me. Do you want to follow the daughter of Peter I? You know that the throne belongs to me, the injustice done to me resonates with all our poor people, and they are languishing under the yoke of the Germans. Let us free ourselves from our persecutors!”

1) 1730 3) 1741

2) 1740 4) 1762

11. The Razumovskys and Shuvalovs are figures of the reign

1) Peter II

2) Peter III

3) Catherine I

4) Elizabeth

12. Which of the following individuals became famous as the most famous architect of the period of palace coups?

1) B. Rastrelli 3) A. Sumarokov

2) M. Lomonosov 4) V. Trediakovsky

13. Secularization of land is the transfer of land from

1) churches to the state 3) churches to the nobles

2) states to nobles 4) peasants to landowners

14. Russian troops first entered Berlin in

1)1740 3)1760

2) 1757 4) 1762

15. Ioann Antonovich

1) died during a palace coup

2) killed during an attempt to liberate

16. Which of the following countries did Russia fight with during the period of palace coups?

A) Ottoman Empire

D) Austria

D) Prussia

E) Persia

Please indicate the correct answer.

1) ABD 2) ADE 3) AED 4) HEV

17. Read an excerpt from a historical source and indicate the date of the events in question.

“Everyone came to the room close to the body of the deceased sovereign to congratulate Her Majesty; They asked Her Majesty to really accept the burden of state ownership, which God and her husband had entrusted to her. But the empress, overwhelmed by sadness and weeping tirelessly, could not respond almost verbally; only without forbidding the hands of those kissing, she showed her permission.”

1) 1725 3) 1741

2) 1730 4) 1762

18. Which of the listed architectural styles dominated in Russia during the era of palace coups?

1) tented 3) classicism

2) Baroque 4) Empire

19. During the period of palace coups, Russia lost

1) western and southern shores of the Caspian Sea

2) Estland and Livonia

3) Ingria (Ingria)

20. Mark the correct sequence of boards.

1) Catherine I, Peter III, Elizabeth

2) Peter II, Elizabeth, Anna Ioannovna

3) Peter II, Peter III, Elizabeth

Catherine I, Peter II, Anna Ioannovna

Level B assignments

These tasks require an answer in the form of one or two words, a sequence of letters or numbers.

IN 1. Place the events of the Seven Years' War in chronological order. Write down the letters that represent the events in the correct sequence. to the table.

A) battle near the village of Kunersdorf

B) entry of Russian troops into Berlin

B) battle near the village of Zorndorf

D) battle near the village of Groß-Jägersdorf

AT 2. Establish a correspondence between historical figures and the facts of their biography. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down to the table selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

FIGURES FACTS BIOGRAPHIES

A) A.D. Menshikov 1) invitation to the throne of Anna Ioannovna

B) Dolgoruky and D.M. Golitsyn 2) study of the eastern tip of Asia

B) I.I. Shuvalov 3) assassination of Peter III

5) creation of the Academy of Arts

AT 3. Read an excerpt from a historical source and name the person (with "serial number"), to which this characteristic applies.

“This man inside out, whose concepts of good and evil are confused, ascended to the Russian throne. Here, too, he retained all the narrowness and pettiness of thoughts and interests in which he was brought up and grew up. His mind, Holstein-like cramped, could not expand in any way to the geographical extent of the boundless empire that had accidentally been given to him. On the contrary, on the Russian throne [he] became even more of a Holstein than he was at home.”

Answer: _____________________.

AT 4. Establish a correspondence between the names of the rulers of Russia and the relationship they had with PeterI. TO For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down to the table selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

NAMES RELATIONSHIP

A) Catherine I 1) niece

B) Catherine II 2) first wife

B) Anna (empress) 3) second wife

D) Elizabeth 4) grandson’s wife

The period 1725-1762 is associated with the era of palace coups. This segment of Russian history is characterized by frequent changes of rulers, a strengthening of the role of the guard, an increase in the privileges of the nobility and a deterioration in the situation of the peasants. During this period, several rulers were in power: Catherine the First, Peter the Second, Anna Ioannovna, Ivan the Sixth, Elizaveta Petrovna and Peter the Third.

One of the most significant events in foreign policy is the Seven Years' War. The reasons for this war were the strengthening of Prussia, led by Frederick II, and its claim to influence in Poland and the Baltic states, which affected the interests of Russia. An important role in one of the key battles of the war, the Battle of Kunersdorf, was played by P.S.

Saltykov. It was he who commanded the troops in this battle, foresaw the intentions of the Prussian army, drew up and proposed a battle strategy that helped the Russian army win this battle. As a result of the war, Prussia was significantly weakened, but Peter the Third, who ascended the throne, returned to it all the lands seized by Russia and even paid an indemnity.

This period is characterized by the development of culture and education. An important event was the founding of Moscow University. The reason for this was that the country needed educated, literate people who could perform public service with dignity. M.V. played a big role in this. Lomonosov.

It was he who developed a detailed project for the university and proposed to make it open not only to nobles, but also to all those who have aptitude for science. Subsequently, the university will graduate many talented statesmen, cultural figures and scientists.

During this period, the situation of the peasants is deteriorating. The reasons for this were that the rulers needed to provide a number of privileges for the nobility in order to gain their support. Empress Elizaveta Petrovna played an important role in this process. It was she who issued and signed a decree allowing the exile of unwanted peasants to Siberia without trial, thereby increasing the powers of the landowners in relation to the peasants.

During this period, an active foreign policy was pursued: the Junior, Middle and Senior Zhuzes were annexed to Russia. Russia also waged wars with Turkey and Sweden, as a result of which it returned Azov and confirmed the annexation of territories under the Nystad Peace. In domestic politics, such important events took place as the creation of the Supreme Privy Council, which was subsequently abolished by Anna Ioannovna. She, in turn, abolished the decree on single inheritance and reduced the service life of the nobles to 25 years. It was also during this period that internal customs duties were abolished and the Noble Bank was opened.

This period cannot be assessed unambiguously. On the one hand, there were no major and significant transformations that began under Peter. Due to frequent changes of rulers, the role of the guard increased, the rise of the nobility and the strengthening of its privileges occurred, as a result of which the situation of the peasants became worse. But on the other hand, it was during this period that Russia actively developed Kazakhstan, annexed new lands, returned Azov, and, as a result of the Seven Years' War, strengthened its authority in the international arena (even despite the fact that all lands were returned to Prussia). It is worth assessing the influence of the period on subsequent history. Thus, the nobility, whose strengthening began in this period, will continue to increase its influence and privileges. Already under Catherine the Second, the Charter of the Nobility will be issued, which will finally determine the privileged position of this class. Moscow University, founded under Elizaveta Petrovna, continued its activities and is still one of the most prestigious educational institutions in Russia. Due to the increasing privileges of the nobles, the situation of the peasants will become worse, which will lead to their discontent, which will result in an uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev, which will become one of the largest popular uprisings. This period of history was an important milestone in the history of the country and determined many further trends.