What is creative? Creative activity: meaning, types

Activity can be defined as a specific type of human activity aimed at knowledge and creative transformation of the surrounding world, including oneself and the conditions of one’s existence. In activity, a person creates objects of material and spiritual culture, transforms his abilities, preserves and improves nature, builds society, creates something that would not exist in nature without his activity. The creative nature of human activity is manifested in the fact that thanks to it it goes beyond the limits of its natural limitations, i.e. exceeds its own genotypically determined capabilities. Due to the productive, creative nature of his activity, man has created sign systems, tools for influencing himself and nature. Using these tools, he built a modern society, cities, machines, with their help he produced new consumer goods, material and spiritual culture, and ultimately transformed himself. The historical progress that has taken place over the past few tens of thousands of years owes its origin to activity, and not to the improvement of the biological nature of people.

Modern man lives surrounded by such objects, none of which are pure creations of nature.

All such objects, especially at work and in everyday life, have been touched to one degree or another by the hands and mind of a person, so that they can be considered the material embodiment of human abilities. They seem to objectify the achievements of the human mind. Mastering ways of handling such objects and including them in activities acts as a person’s own development. All this human activity differs from animal activity, which do not produce anything like that: no clothes, no furniture, no cars, no sign systems, no tools, no means of transportation, and much more. To satisfy their needs, animals use only what nature has provided them.

In other words, human activity manifests itself and continues in creations; it is productive, and not just consumerist in nature.

Having generated and continued to improve consumer goods, a person, in addition to his abilities, develops his needs. Finding themselves connected with objects of material and spiritual culture, people’s needs acquire a cultural character.

Activity a person is fundamentally different from activity animals and in other respects. If the activity of animals is caused by natural needs, then human activity is mainly generated and supported by artificial needs that arise due to the appropriation of the achievements of the cultural and historical development of people of the present and previous generations. These are the needs for knowledge (scientific and artistic), creativity, moral self-improvement and others.

Forms and methods of human organization activities also different from activity animals. Almost all of them are associated with complex motor skills that animals do not have - skills acquired as a result of conscious, purposeful, organized learning. From early childhood, the child is specially taught to use household items in a human manner (fork, spoon, clothes, chair, table, soap, toothbrush, pencil, paper, etc.), various tools that transform the movements of the limbs given by nature . They begin to obey the logic of the objects with which a person deals. Objective activity arises, which differs from the natural activity of animals.

The system of movements performed by animals is determined by the anatomical and physiological structure of the body. Animals treat objects of human material culture (book, pencil, spoon, etc.) as if they were ordinary natural objects, without taking into account their cultural purpose and the way they are used by people. In humans, the movements of the arms and legs themselves are transformed, obeying the rules of the culture of using the corresponding objects, i.e. become artificial, more perfect and socially conditioned.

Animals only consume what is given to them by nature. Man, on the contrary, creates more than he consumes. If his activity, like the activity of animals, was mainly of a consumer nature, then several dozen generations of people would not have been able to achieve such progress in a historically relatively short period of time, to create a grandiose world of spiritual and material culture. All this is due to the active nature of human activity.

So, the main differences between human activity and animal activity boil down to the following:

1. Human activity is productive, creative, creative in nature. Animal activity has a consumer basis; as a result, it does not produce or create anything new compared to what is given by nature.

2. Human activity is connected with objects of material and spiritual culture, which are used by him either as tools, or as objects to satisfy needs, or as means of his own development. For animals, human tools and means of satisfying needs do not exist as such.

3. Human activity transforms himself, his abilities, needs, and living conditions. The activity of animals changes practically nothing either in themselves or in the external conditions of life.

4. Human activity in its various forms and means of implementation is a product of history. The activity of animals appears as a result of their biological evolution.

5. People’s objective activities are not given to them from birth. It is “given” in the cultural purpose and way of using surrounding objects. Such activities need to be formed and developed in training and education. The same applies to internal, neurophysiological and psychological structures that control the external side of practical activity. The activity of animals is initially given, genotypically determined and unfolds as the natural anatomical and physiological maturation of the organism occurs.

Activity differs not only from activity, but also from behavior. Behavior is not always purposeful, does not imply the creation of a specific product, and is often passive in nature. Activities are always purposeful, active, aimed at creating some product. Behavior is spontaneous (“wherever it leads”), activity is organized; behavior is chaotic, activity is systematic.

Human activity has the following main characteristics: motive, purpose, subject, structure And facilities . Motive activity is called what motivates it, for the sake of which it is carried out. The motive is usually a specific need that is satisfied in the course and with the help of this activity.

The motives of human activity can be very different: organic, functional, material, social, spiritual. Organic motives are aimed at satisfying the natural needs of the body (in humans, at creating conditions that are most conducive to this). Such motives are associated with growth, self-preservation and development of the organism. This is the production of food, housing, clothing, etc. Functional motives are satisfied through various cultural forms of activity, such as games and sports. Material motives encourage a person to engage in activities aimed at creating household items, various things and tools, directly in the form of products that serve natural needs. Social motives give rise to various types of activities aimed at taking a certain place in society, gaining recognition and respect from those around them. Spiritual motives underlie those activities that are associated with human self-improvement. The type of activity is usually determined by its dominant motive (dominant because all human activity is polymotivated, that is, motivated by several different motives).

As goals activity is its product. It can represent a real physical object created by a person, certain knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in the course of activity, a creative result (thought, idea, theory, work of art).

The purpose of an activity is not equivalent to its motive, although sometimes the motive and purpose of an activity may coincide with each other. Different activities that have the same goal (end result) can be stimulated and supported by different motives. On the contrary, a number of activities with different ultimate goals may be based on the same motives. For example, reading a book for a person can act as a means of material satisfaction (to demonstrate knowledge and get a well-paid job for this), social (to show off your knowledge among significant people, to achieve their favor), spiritual (to expand your horizons, to rise to a higher level of moral development ) needs. Such different types of activities as purchasing fashionable, prestigious things, reading literature, taking care of appearance, developing the ability to behave, can ultimately pursue the same goal: to achieve someone’s favor at all costs.

Subject activity is called what it directly deals with. So, for example, the subject of cognitive activity is all kinds of information, the subject of educational activity is knowledge, skills and abilities, the subject of labor activity is the created material product.

Every activity has a certain structure. It usually identifies actions and operations as the main components of activity. Action refers to a part of an activity that has a completely independent, human-conscious goal. For example, an action included in the structure of cognitive activity can be called receiving a book, reading it; actions included in labor activity can be considered familiarization with the task, searching for the necessary tools and materials, developing a project, technology for manufacturing the item, etc.; Actions associated with creativity are the formulation of a plan and its phased implementation in the product of creative work.

Operation name the method of carrying out an action. As many different ways of performing an action as there are, so many different operations can be distinguished. The nature of the operation depends on the conditions for performing the action, on the skills and abilities available to the person, on the available tools and means of carrying out the action. Different people, for example, remember information and write differently. This means that they carry out the action of writing text or memorizing material using various operations. A person’s preferred operations characterize his individual style of activity.

As funds For a person to carry out activities, they are the tools that he uses when performing certain actions and operations. The development of means of activity leads to its improvement, as a result of which the activity becomes more productive and of higher quality.

Motivation for activity does not remain unchanged during its development. So, for example, over time, other motives for work or creative activity may appear, and the previous ones fade into the background. Sometimes an action that was previously included in an activity can stand out from it and acquire an independent status, turning into an activity with its own motive. In this case, we note the fact of the birth of a new activity.

With age, as a person develops, the motivation for his activities changes. If a person changes as a person, then the motives of his activities are transformed. The progressive development of man is characterized by the movement of motives towards their increasing spiritualization (from organic to material, from material to social, from social to creative, from creative to moral).

Every human activity has external And internal Components. Internal ones include anatomical and physiological structures and processes involved in the control of activity by the central nervous system, as well as psychological processes and states included in the regulation of activity. External components include various movements associated with the practical implementation of activities.

The ratio of internal and external components of activity is not constant. As activities develop and transform, a systematic transition of external components into internal ones takes place. It is accompanied by their internalization and automation. If any difficulties arise in the activity, when it is restored, associated with violations of the internal components, a reverse transition occurs - exteriorization: the reduced, automated components of the activity unfold, appear externally, the internal ones again become external, consciously controlled.

The creative nature of human activity is manifested in the fact that thanks to it he goes beyond the limits of his natural limitations, i.e. exceeds its own genotypically determined capabilities. Due to the productive, creative nature of his activity, man has created sign systems, tools for influencing himself and nature. Using these tools, he built a modern society, cities, machines, with their help he produced new consumer goods, material and spiritual culture, and ultimately transformed himself. The historical progress that has taken place over the past few tens of thousands of years owes its origin to activity, and not to the improvement of the biological nature of people.

Modern man lives surrounded by such objects, none of which are pure creations of nature. All such objects, especially at work and in everyday life, have been touched to one degree or another by the hands and mind of a person, so that they can be considered the material embodiment of human abilities. They seem to objectify the achievements of the human mind. Mastering ways of handling such objects and including them in activities acts as a person’s own development. In all this, human activity differs from the activity of animals, which do not produce anything similar: no clothing, no furniture, no machines, no sign systems, no tools, no means of transportation, and much more. To satisfy their needs, animals use only what nature has provided them.

Creativity is a type of activity that generates something qualitatively new that has never existed before (for example, a new goal, a new result or new means, new ways to achieve them).

• 4) Intuition (Latin intueri - to look closely) - knowledge, the conditions for obtaining which are not realized. Creativity is a type of activity that generates something qualitatively new that has never existed before (for example, a new goal, a new result or new means, new ways to achieve them).

Creativity is a component of any human activity and an independent activity (for example, the activity of scientists, inventors, writers, etc.).

Modern science recognizes that any person, to one degree or another, has the ability to be creative. However, abilities can develop or disappear. Therefore, it is necessary to master culture, language, knowledge, to master methods of creative activity, its most important mechanisms.

The most important mechanisms of creative activity:

• 1) Combining, varying existing knowledge.
• 2) Imagination - the ability to create new sensory or mental images in the mind.
• 3) Fantasy (Gr. phantasia - mental image, figment of the imagination) - is characterized by special strength, brightness and unusualness of the created ideas and images.
• 4) Intuition (Latin intueri - to look closely) - knowledge, the conditions for obtaining which are not realized.

Activity can be defined as a specific type of human activity aimed at cognition and creative transformation of the surrounding world, including oneself and the conditions of one’s existence. In activity, a person creates objects of material and spiritual culture, transforms his abilities, preserves and improves nature, builds society, creates something that would not exist in nature without his activity. The creative nature of human activity is manifested in the fact that thanks to it it goes beyond the limits of its natural limitations, i.e. exceeds its own genotypically determined capabilities. Due to the productive, creative nature of his activity, man has created sign systems, tools for influencing himself and nature. Using these tools, he built a modern society, cities, machines, with their help he produced new consumer goods, material and spiritual culture, and ultimately transformed himself. The historical progress that has taken place over the past few tens of thousands of years owes its origin to activity, and not to the improvement of the biological nature of people.

Modern man lives surrounded by such objects, none of which are pure creations of nature. All such objects, especially at work and in everyday life, have been touched to one degree or another by the hands and mind of a person, so that they can be considered the material embodiment of human abilities. They seem to objectify the achievements of the human mind. Mastering ways of handling such objects and including them in activities acts as a person’s own development. In all this, human activity differs from the activity of animals, which do not produce anything similar: no clothing, no furniture, no machines, no sign systems, no tools, no means of transportation, and much more. To satisfy their needs, animals use only what nature has provided them.

In other words, human activity manifests itself and continues in creations; it is productive, and not just consumerist in nature.

Having generated and continued to improve the objects of creation, man, in addition to his abilities, develops his needs. Finding themselves connected with objects of material and spiritual culture, people’s needs acquire a cultural character.

Human activity differs fundamentally from animal activity in another respect. If the activity of animals is caused by natural needs, then human activity is mainly generated and supported by artificial needs that arise due to the appropriation of the achievements of the cultural and historical development of people of the present and previous generations. These are the needs for knowledge (scientific and artistic), creativity, moral self-improvement and others.

Every activity has a certain structure. It usually identifies actions and operations as the main components of activity.

An action is a part of an activity that has a fully conscious human goal. For example, an action included in the structure of cognitive activity can be called receiving a book, reading it; actions included in labor activity can be considered familiarization with the task, searching for the necessary tools and materials, developing a project, technology for manufacturing the item, etc.; Actions associated with creativity are the formulation of a plan and its phased implementation in the product of creative work.

An operation is a method of carrying out an action. As many different ways of performing an action as there are, so many different operations can be distinguished. The nature of the operations depends on the conditions for performing the action, on the skills and abilities a person has, on the availability of tools and means of performing the action. Different people, for example, remember information and write differently. This means that they carry out the action of writing text or memorizing material using various operations. A person’s preferred operations characterize his individual style of activity.

Creative activity is a process of creating qualitatively new spiritual and material values ​​with their subsequent interpretation. The result of such actions, as a rule, is the emergence of previously unknown areas of art, science or technology. The result of creativity cannot be deduced from the conditions of the initial cycle. This is what distinguishes it from the results of the production process, which are always predictable. Creative activity has the main criterion of attractiveness - it is always unique.

Possibilities

The author, in the process of creative research, can achieve a result that he did not expect. This is the main advantage of the free expression of one's ideas by an artist, writer or performer. Creative activity, in addition to well-known directions, can be realized in some special way. For example, a world-famous musician, for a number of objective reasons, began to feel a certain limitation in his concert activities and decided to expand his potential. Using personal experience, as well as some technical means, the artist creates a previously unknown musical instrument that revolutionizes the world of music. This is where true creativity lies. History knows many similar examples.

Application value

Human creative activity is a spiritual and material practice focused on the creation of original, previously non-existent cultural values, the discovery of new patterns, as well as methods for transforming world space. The applied significance of the last category is difficult to overestimate. This is, in essence, a cognitive and creative activity that underlies deep practical application in many areas of public life. Its results in most cases are global in nature.

New achievements

Creative artistic activity occupies a special place in a person’s life, when the creator creates values ​​in the category of fine arts, literature, music, and painting. The process of the emergence of new achievements in the field of high art of various genres always causes a storm of positive emotions: people are constantly waiting for premieres in the theater, new films, opening days and many other events - everything that lives in society. The creative artistic activity of masters of various genres often combines their efforts, and as a result, a certain synthetic masterpiece appears that creates a real sensation. Magnificent opera arias can be complemented by a successful libretto; a wonderful literary work is included in an organic combination with uniquely beautiful illustrations.

Versatility

Creative activity, the types of which are infinitely diverse, is fertile ground for the development of talents among broad sections of the population. People of different ages and professions strive to realize their abilities in all spheres of public life, and when this succeeds, a person receives incomparable moral satisfaction. Particularly pleasing is artistic creative activity, the types of which are also numerous. This includes painting, sculpting, singing, participating in theater performances, reading poetry, and ballroom dancing.

In fact, a person’s creative activity can be reflected in any area of ​​his life interests: production and technical, scientific, political, artistic. In addition, there are a number of secondary directions. The creative process can be characterized by two main trends:

• the psychology of the individual, the creator of certain spiritual or material values;
• philosophical component, revealing the essence of the phenomenon of creation.

Psychology

In different historical periods, the question of the meaning of creativity was posed ambiguously. Ancient philosophy linked the process of creation with specific results, without placing them in the mainstream of eternal existence. In other words, creativity was considered a completely earthly matter, without any special contemplative subtleties. However, along with practicality, in the time of Plato, the prerequisites were created for the recognition of human creative aspirations as a phenomenal phenomenon. There were many supporters of this approach.

Renaissance

The Renaissance cultivated the concept of the phenomenon of creative activity, since during that period the opportunities to create something in a variety of fields were enormous. The philosophy of the Renaissance did not imply creation at the level of craft or housework. Michelangelo's masterpieces or Leonardo da Vinci's engineering projects cannot be called a creative process - they are so grandiose. These were mega-creations of cosmic significance.

Analytical approach

In the modern world, there is a tendency to study the phenomenon of creativity; scientists are trying to understand the psychology of the process; the state of mind of an artist, engineer or writer is being studied while they are busy creating. Often, the results of such analyzes form the basis of doctoral dissertations, because the observations of scientists are also a creative activity. Scientific interest based on psychology always produces unpredictable results, which means that new discoveries can be expected.

Creative activity, when viewed through the prism of philosophy, is interpreted as a personality characteristic formed on the basis of the development of the individual’s special abilities. Provided there is sufficient professional training and a high level of motivation, socio-psychological attitudes are formed that lead the creator to the final result.

Criteria

In relation to creative activity as such, the desire to achieve original solutions will always be realized subject to a clearly defined goal. In some cases, the goal can be replaced by some stimulus - the result will be the same. The creative activity of an individual is determined by the following criteria:

1. An attitude in accordance with the assigned tasks: scientific, technical, artistic, managerial, research. Harmony of the task with psychological attitudes. There must be a social, socially significant motivation.
2. The author’s ability to comprehend the design principle of future work. You will also need receptivity to the new, creative initiative, and rejection of stereotypes.
3. The ability to define the scope of one's own initiative in searching for the boundaries of a task. Ability to rationally sequence creative techniques.
4. High level of intelligence, spatial thinking and developed imagination. Ability for systemic associations and generalization.

The creative process can be divided into several parts:

• the “incipient” stage, when an idea is born, often vague;
• the appearance of the outlines of the idea - the general picture is visible;
• the next stage is the opportunity to choose decisions that form a program of action;
• selection of methods and optimal actions aimed at results;
• the emergence of creative excitement, often accompanied by “insights” and emotional uplift;
• the final stage, crystallization of the idea, assessment of the level of work done and the effectiveness of the result;

However, the distribution, and especially the planning of actions, is purely conditional, since any creative process is a fairly spontaneous phenomenon with an elusive subconscious logic that can make adjustments along the way. Nevertheless, creativity is a living process, most interesting in its first phase, when the need to create appears. How it will be implemented depends entirely on the professionalism of the individual.

Creative activities of children

A child aged 4-6 years, as a rule, strives for an active lifestyle. Games, walks in nature, communication with peers - all this gives him the opportunity to use his energy and get emotional release. However, the creative potential inherent in children also often requires realization. There are special development programs in preschool institutions. Teachers and methodologists in kindergartens devote several hours every day to the creative activities of their charges. Girls and boys turn into little artists and sculptors, design engineers or creators of fantastic transformers.

Future prospects

Creativity in any form is beneficial for personal development. A child who once drew “a circle of the sun and the sky around” on a piece of paper can become a famous artist in the future, and a first-grader who writes an essay on the topic “How I spent the summer in the village” can become a famous writer. The creative possibilities are endless!

Authors: ⁠⁠Bogolyubov L.N., Ivanova L.F.
Publisher: Education
Year: 2014
Description: Gdz for the textbook ⁠Bogolyubov L.N., Ivanova L.F. in social studies for 8th grade. On the pages of the workbook you will find, made by experienced specialists, ready-made homework assignments, long and short notes, detailed and competent answers to questions, correct solutions to tests, excellent essays for problems and workshops.

§1. What makes a person human.

1 How is the origin of man revealed in history?

The famous postulate that man evolved from apes is usually attributed to Charles Darwin, although the scientist himself, remembering the fate of his predecessor Georges Louis Buffon, who was ridiculed at the end of the 18th century for such ideas, cautiously stated that humans and apes must have some kind of common ancestor, ape-like creature. According to Darwin himself, the genus homo originated somewhere around 3.5 million in Africa. This was not yet our fellow tribesman Homo Sapiens, whose age today is dated back to approximately 200 thousand years, but the first representative of the genus Homo - an ape, a hominid. In the course of evolution, he began to walk on two legs, use his hands as tools, he began to have progressive brain transformations, articulate speech and sociality. Well, the cause of evolution, like all other species, was natural selection, and not God’s plan.

2 How does a person differ from other living beings? How are human qualities manifested?

The most important characteristic of a person is that he is a social being. Only in society, in communication between people, did the formation of such human qualities as language (speech), the ability to think, etc. take place.

3 Draw a conclusion about the most important quality of a person.

The ability to think is the best human quality.

4 Do you think that every person can play a prominent role in society; noble role? Can anyone make history? If yes, then how?

We can make history, but it takes courage, courage and integrity.

5 What do the words mean: “Man is a biosocial being”?

MAN is a biosocial being, that is, a living being with the gift of thinking and speech, moral and ethical qualities, the ability to create tools and use them in the process of social production; subject of the historical process, creator of all material and spiritual culture.

6 What human qualities are of a social nature (i.e., arise only in society)?

Every child born becomes a person only in society. And a person grows out of it only in a family, in a society where they teach him to live, give him knowledge about the world around him, and develop the ability to work. Being a public (social) being, man does not cease to be a being of nature. Nature created the human body. The social and biological are merged into one in man. An upright gait, the structure of the brain, the outline of the face, the shape of the hands - all this is the result of changes that took place over a long time (millions of years). Every child has fingers obedient to his will: he can take a brush and paints and draw. But he can become a painter only in society. Every person born has a brain and a vocal apparatus, but they can learn to think and speak only in society. Every person, like any animal, has an instinct of self-preservation.

7 What is the creative nature of human activity?

The creative nature of human activity is manifested in the fact that, thanks to it, he goes beyond the limits of his natural limitations, that is, he exceeds his own genotypically determined capabilities. Due to the productive, creative nature of his activity, man has created sign systems, tools for influencing himself and nature. Using these tools, he built a modern society, cities, machines, with their help he produced new consumer goods, material and spiritual culture, and ultimately transformed himself. The historical progress that has taken place over the past few tens of thousands of years owes its origin to activity, and not to the improvement of the biological nature of people.

8 What is the relationship between thinking and speech?

There is a close connection between thinking and language. It is impossible to separate them from each other without destroying both. Language does not exist without thinking, and thinking cannot be separated from language.

The main function of speech is that it is an instrument of thinking. In speech we formulate a thought, but by formulating it, we form it, that is, by creating a speech form, thinking itself is formed. Thinking and speech, without being identified, are included in the unity of one process. Thinking is not only expressed in speech, but for the most part it is accomplished in speech. Thus, between speech and thinking there is not identity, but unity; in the unity of thinking and speech, thinking, not speech, is leading; speech and thinking arise in a person in unity on the basis of social practice.

9 How are human abilities manifested?

A person’s abilities and gifts manifest themselves and develop in the process of activity.

The child is playing. Builds a house out of cubes. Builds a fortress out of sand. Assembles a model from construction kit parts. Plays as a mother, putting a doll to bed, as a pilot, salesman, car driver, astronaut. In the game, he repeats the actions of his elders, acquiring his first experience of human activity. The game teaches the child to plan his actions, outline their goals, and look for suitable means. In gaming activities, diverse human qualities are developed.

The time comes when educational activities develop next to the playground. It takes you through the experience step by step. By studying educational texts, reading works of fiction, solving problems, performing various educational tasks, a person acquires the knowledge and skills necessary for life in society, improves thinking and speech, develops his creative abilities, and acquires a profession. Along with studies comes work activity. First, this is housework, then, perhaps, in a school workshop, on a personal plot, and then the work of an adult - professional activity in production, in the service sector, and intellectual activity. Work expands a person’s creative capabilities, contributes to the formation of determination, independence, perseverance, sociability and other human qualities.

Work activities can be different. Cultivated fields, tools, residential buildings and temples are all the fruits of industrial activity. Russian Pravda, Code of Laws of 1497, and other legislative acts are the result of government activity. The expansion of borders and the formation of a multinational state are a consequence of political activity. Victories on Lake Peipus, on the Kulikovo Field, in the Northern War or the Patriotic War of 1812 are the result of military activity. The discoveries of M.V. Lomonosov, the inventions of I.P. Kulibin, the works of D.I. Mendeleev are the product of intellectual activity. The famous Russian ballet, the paintings of the Wanderers are the embodiment of artistic activity.

10 What is human self-realization?

In activity, self-realization of the individual occurs, that is, the embodiment of plans and life goals in reality, which is possible only under the condition of free human activity. What prompts it, first of all, is a person’s internal need, his own desire to fulfill his life goal, to his own free development.

11 Why is human self-realization possible only through activity?

The fulfillment of life goals - self-realization - requires the exertion of a person’s strength and can be considered as one of the indicators of his willpower. In the process of self-realization, in the course of his activities, a person overcomes the difficulties that arise, his own laziness, timidity, and lack of faith in his own strength. Thanks to this, results that are significant for society are achieved and individual abilities are developed. It is the socially useful results of a person’s self-realization that bring him respect and recognition from other people, i.e., self-affirmation of the individual occurs.

12 People build dams on rivers, and beavers build dams on rivers. Explain how human activities differ from those of beavers.

Instinct and reason.

The beaver, like bees, spiders, and birds, has instinct. As they built their “structures” generation after generation, they will continue to build, no better and no worse. Unlike a person.

Here is what, for example, Lev Uspensky writes about this in his book “A Word about Words”:

When I was born, I did not know how to knit fishing tackle or sculpt milk jugs out of clay. But if I need it, I, like Robinson Crusoe, will learn both. At first, of course, I will work worse than my teachers, then I can catch up with them and, perhaps, even surpass them. Who knows: I might even improve their skills!

But the baby spider, having been born yesterday, already knows how to weave webs no worse than the most experienced spider, who has eaten many flies in his lifetime. The bee, emerging from the pupa, begins to sculpt cells or prepare wax no less skillfully than the elderly winged craftswomen of her hive.

b) Shows the activity of the individual, which is a consequence of the interaction of biological and social.

15 Indicate what is inherent in a person by nature, and what by society.

Nature instills in a person the ability to survive, as well as various needs for food, etc., and society develops a person’s personality and culture.