62. Subclass Caryophyllides. Characteristics of the order Cloveaceae.
63. Subclass Caryophyllides. Characteristics of the order Buckwheat.
Subclass Caryophyllidae
Most representatives of this subclass are adapted to growing in arid climates and are most characteristic of the flora of semi-deserts and deserts. However, there are also many alpine and forest species, especially among representatives of the carnation family. Characteristic is the predominance of herbs and shrubs.
The subclass of caryophyllides, numbering only three orders, is characterized by a fairly high specialization, which makes it very difficult to clarify its relationships. However, a detailed comparative morphological study of some of its most primitive representatives leads to the conclusion about its probable origin from one of the ancient primitive branches of the ranunculid subclass (such as lardizabalaceae and moonsperms) or even magnoliids (such as star anise). One of the important features indicating a connection with ranunculids and lower groups of dicotyledons in general is the presence in some primitive representatives of caryophyllides of a more or less clearly defined apocarpous gynoecium.
The high specialization of most representatives of caryophyllides makes it very difficult to elucidate the evolutionary relationships between their individual families. Research in recent years has led to the need to exclude two small families from this group (Bathisaceae and Gyrostemonaceae), but, on the other hand, they have further confirmed our confidence in the close phylogenetic connection of the cactus family with some typical representatives of the subclass. At the same time, debates are still ongoing about the position of the buckwheat families and especially the plumbagaceae in the subclass of caryophyllides. Some modern authors exclude these families from the subclass of caryophyllides and, in particular, even tend to bring plumbagaceae closer to primroses.
The subclass includes 3 orders, 19 families, 650 genera and 11,500 species. Among them, herbaceous plants, subshrubs, and shrubs predominate; occasionally, small woody forms are found. There are vessels with simple perforations. The leaves are simple, whole. Flowers are bisexual, sometimes dioecious, actinomorphic, sometimes petalless. Androecium polygamous. The gynoecium is coenocarpous, occasionally apocarpous. Seeds with perisperm and bent embryo.
The subclass caryophyllides has three orders, combined into two superorders.
Superorder 1. Cloves (Caryophyllanae)
Order 1. Cloves (Caryophyllales). Mainly herbs, rarely shrubs and small trees. The leaves are usually entire, sometimes equipped with small stipules, and opposite. Stomata of different types. Vessel segments with simple perforation. The flowers are bisexual or unisexual, usually actinomorphic, mostly 4-5-membered, with a double perianth or more often petalless. Stamens in 1-2 circles or numerous. Pollen grains are of very different types, from tricolate to multiporate. The ovary is superior, semi-inferior or inferior. Ovules are of very different types, usually bitegmal, rarely unitegmal (some nyctagine), crassinucellate. The endosperm is nuclear. The seeds mostly have a bent peripheral embryo surrounding the perisperm. Includes 17 families, of which the most famous are Carnationaceae, Chenopodiaaceae, Cactaceae, and Amaranthaceae. The androecium is polybronic or definite, the stamens are arranged in two circles. The gynoecium is lysicarpous. Fruit - capsule
Families: Laconaceae, Achatocarpaceae,; Nyctaginaceae, Aizoonaceae, Cactaceae, Purslanaceae, Hectorellaceae, Basellaceae, Didneraceae, Mollyaceae, Cloveaceae, Amaranthaceae, Chenopoaceae.
Dianthus family -Caryophyllaceae has 80 genera and 2000 species. For the most part, annual and perennial herbaceous plants, there are also shrubs, distributed everywhere. The leaves are opposite, rarely alternate, but then with membranous stipules. Flowers are solitary or collected in dichasial inflorescences. Actinomorphic, 5-membered with double perianth. Sepals are free or fused into a tube, petals are free or fused. In some species, the narrow base of the petal, or marigold, has a wide bent (multiplely dissected into lobes) apex, or limb; at the place of its transition into the marigold, petal-like or membranous outgrowths are noticeable - appendages, there is a corolla. Stamens 4-5 to 10, gynoecium of 2-5 carpels syncarpous, turning into lysicarpous, ovary superior. *Sa (5) or 5 Co 5 A 5+5 G (2-5) . The fruits are capsules, nut-shaped or, less commonly, berries. Seeds with fleshy appendages are carried by ants. Representatives of this family are:
chickweed (Stellaria nemorum L.) - perennial herbaceous plant with a recumbent, ascending stem with adventitious roots. The leaves are heart-shaped, softly pubescent, the petals are deeply incised into 2 lobes;
soapwort officinalis (Saponaria officinalis L) - perennial herbaceous plant with an erect stem and broadly ovate, sessile leaves. Petals with a corolla, cut into lobes along the edge. The roots, containing saponins, are used as an expectorant, diaphoretic, antirheumatic, and for metabolic disorders.
- carnation grass (Dianthus deltoides L.) - perennial herbaceous plant with an erect stem and narrow-lanceolate, sessile, rough-hairy leaves. Calyx with bracts membranous scales;
Common cockle (Agrostemma githago L.) - annual herbaceous plant. The stem is branching. Leaves are linear-lanceolate with hairs. Flowers are solitary. All of the listed representatives have a capsule fruit.
Among the representatives of this family there are many ornamental plants.
Chenopodiaceae family -Chenopodiaceae unites about 105 genera and 1,600 herbaceous and shrub species, widespread everywhere, but goosefoot is especially characteristic of saline soils (saxauls, saltworts, saltworts, saltworts). The flowers are small, actinomorphic, bisexual or unisexual, lack petals and are usually collected in groups into a raceme or panicle inflorescence. The calyx has 5 inconspicuous greenish leaves and is surrounded by large bracts. The perianth can be completely reduced. There are 5 stamens, less often 1-4. The coenocarpous gynoecium consists of 2 (3-4) carpels, forming an upper or semi-inferior ovary with free or barely fused styles. * P (5) A 5 G (2-5)
The fruit is single-seeded, indehiscent, nut-shaped, falling off along with the calyx, the lobes of which grow into wing-shaped or hooked outgrowths. Sometimes the calyx becomes fleshy and the fruit looks like a juicy berry (Chenopodium foliosum L.). Bracts (in some cases) take part in the formation of the fruit ( Atriplex sp. ). When sepals and bracts grow together, such as in beets and spinach, infructescence is formed.
Representatives of weeds are characterized by heteromorphism of flowers, fruits and seeds within even one inflorescence. The flowers are wind-pollinated, the seeds are distributed according to the tumbleweed principle. Representatives of this family have nutritional value. Garden spinach (Spinacia oleraceae), beet (Beta vulgaris L.) contain a large amount of vitamins, proteins, mineral salts. Young shoots of wild quinoa can be used as a spinach substitute. (Atriplex sp.), Marie (Chenopodium sp.).
Cactus family -Cactaceae includes 105 genera and 2200 species, distributed in exclusively arid areas. Most species lose leaves, and their cylindrical or spherical fleshy stem (performing a water-storing and photosynthetic function) bears bunches of spines covered with hairs, which are a modification of bud scales. Representatives of this family are used for decorative purposes. (Zigocactus, Epiphyllum, Echinopsisand etc.).
Amaranth family -Amaranthaceae has 65 genera and 850 species, distributed mainly in tropical zones. Amaranthaceae are annual or perennial herbs with entire alternate leaves. The flowers are small, actinomorphic, bisexual, collected in a raceme or panicle inflorescence. The corolla is calyx-shaped (there are no petals), the calyx consists of 5 membranous scales and is surrounded by bracts, which can persist after flowering, so the flower seems unfading. There are 5 stamens, the coenocarpous gynoecium consists of 2-3 carpels, forming the upper unilocular ovary. The fruit is a nut, less often a berry or a fruit. In medicine they use woolly erva or half-half (Aerva lanata (L.) Juss.) with urolithiasis. Most of the representatives have decorative value: caudate amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L.), celosia (Celosia argentea var. cristata). Leaves and shoots of some amaranths are used as food. (A. caudatus L., A. Cruentus L.).
Order 2. Buckwheat (Polygonales). Includes only one buckwheat family(Polygonaceae) with 30-35 genera and more than 1000 species. Representatives of the family are distributed everywhere, but mainly in temperate regions. Temperate buckwheats are annual or perennial herbs. Herbs, shrubs or vines, rarely small trees. The leaves are mostly alternate, entire, usually equipped at the base with a trumpet consisting of interpetiolar stipules. Stomata are usually without subsidiary cells. Vessel segments with simple perforation. Flowers in terminal inflorescences, collected in complex inflorescences, are small, usually bisexual, cyclic or pseudocyclic, 3-membered or very rarely 2-membered, petalless. The perianth is simple from 3, rarely 2-5 greenish or colored sepals. Sepals 3-6, free or more or less fused. There are usually 6 stamens, in 2 circles, less often or more; the anthers open longitudinally. Pollen grains are tricolporate to multiporous. The gynoecium is coenocarpous (lysicarpous), mostly consisting of three carpels, with free or more or less fused styles; the ovary is superior, with one, mostly basal ovule, sitting on a more or less clearly defined stalk, corresponding to a reduced central column. The ovules are usually orthotropic or sometimes anatropic, bitegmal and crassinucellate. The endosperm is nuclear. The fruit is dry, indehiscent. Seeds with a bent or straight embryo, surrounded by abundant mealy and sometimes ruminated endosperm, almost without perisperm. The origin is probably from lower representatives of the previous order, most likely from ancestors close to modern purslanaceae, but more primitive.
*P 3-6 A 5-9 G (3) or ( 2-4 ).
Buckwheat is a valuable food, industrial and medicinal plant. Sorrel leaves (Rumex confertus L.) , rhubarb petioles (Rheum rhaponticum L.) contain organic acids and vitamins and are used as food. Various types of mountaineers are widely used as medicinal plants: pepper knotweed (Polygonum hydropiper L.), knotweed (Polygonum persicaria L.) used as a hemostatic agent for uterine and hemorrhoidal bleeding. Bird's knotweed (Polygonum aviculare L.) used as an anti-inflammatory agent, as well as a stone-promoting agent for kidney and bladder stones. Knotweed rhizomes serpentine (Polygonum bistorta L.) used as an astringent for inflammatory diseases of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. Buckwheat (FagopyrumesculentumMoench) can be used for industrial production of rutin .
Family buckwheat
Superorder 2. Plumbaginanae
Order 3. Plumbaginales. Perennial herbs or shrubs, sometimes vines with alternate entire leaves devoid of stipules. Stomata of different types. Vessel segments with simple perforation. Flowers in terminal inflorescences or racemes, bisexual, 5-membered, with a double perianth. The calyx is fused-leaved, mostly dry-membranous. The corolla is usually distinctly petalous. There are 5 stamens, opposite the petals, and more or less attached to the corolla tube. Pollen grains are 3-5-furrowed or less often 6-scattered-furrowed. The gynoecium is coenocarpous (lysicarpous), of 5 carpels, with free or more or less fused styles; the ovary is superior, with one basal ovule on a long peduncle almost surrounding it. Ovules are anatropic, bitegmal, crassinucellate. The endosperm is nuclear. Characteristically, there is an obturator (plug) extending from the upper part of the ovary and growing into the micropyle (it facilitates the passage of the pollen tube). The fruit is dry, indehiscent or rarely dehiscent from the bottom up. Seeds with a large straight embryo and usually with endosperm, but without perisperm. The origin is probably from primitive representatives of the order Caryophyllaceae, most likely from ancestors close to modern purslanaceae and basellaceae.
Family plumbagaceae.
Regular or, less commonly, opposite, simple, without stipules. Xerophilic and halophilic goosefoots often have root systems that go deep into the soil and sometimes have thickened storage organs of root or hypocotylar origin. They are often characterized by a cushion-shaped growth form, covered with wax or pubescent, succulent cylindrical, transformed into spines or reduced leaves, succulent segmented shoots.
Over 100 genera and about 1,500 species are distributed throughout the globe, especially characteristic of steppe and desert regions, outside of which they are mainly ruderal plants and weeds, often malicious. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the most diverse chenopods are in the dry regions of Australia, in the pampas of South America, in the Mediterranean, Central and South-West Africa, in deserts and semi-deserts, Western, Central and Central Asia.
The construction of the family system is not complete; several tribes are distinguished in it, traditionally grouped according to the shape and location of the embryo in the seed into 2 subfamilies. The subfamily Chenopodioideae (Cyclolobeae) is characterized by a curved embryo, a ring surrounding the abundant perisperm. A cosmopolitan genus of pigweed (Chenopodium), uniting up to 200 species, has bisexual flowers. White pigweed (Chenopodium album) is one of the most common noxious weeds. Its powerful shoots, like those of many goosefoots, can be eaten. This same species, like some others, was once used to obtain edible seeds, i.e. as a grain crop. Among the pigweeds there are spicy, medicinal, fodder and dyeing plants.
Species of the biologically related genus Quinoa (Atriplex) have dioecious flowers and bracts remaining on the fruits. Among them there are also harmful weeds, medicinal and dyeing, as well as forage and edible plants. The latter, however, contain substances that cause severe allergic reactions to the sun in light-colored animals and fair-haired people. The fruits of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) are completely surrounded by woody and tuberous bracts. Various varieties of beets (Beta vulgaris) are cultivated for their fleshy root crops, which are used, depending on the varietal group, for food, livestock feed, or for sugar production. The characteristic shape of the root crop is largely related to the degree of participation of the root and
Class: dicotyledons.
Number: about 1.5 thousand species (Fig. 41).
Life forms: predominantly perennial and annual herbs, semi-shrubs and very rarely shrubs, trees - in desert and semi-desert areas.
Root system: rod.
Stem: erect.
Leaves: usually entire, without stipules, may be fleshy or underdeveloped.
Leaf arrangement: next.
Leaf venation: feathery or palmate.
Inflorescences:
▪ panicle ( beets, pigweed);
▪ ear ( solyanka).
Flower formula:
Ch 2-5 L - T 2-5 P (2-5)
Perianth: simple, rarely completely absent, herbaceous, only as an exception corolla-shaped ( Antochlamys – Anthochlamys).
Rice. 41. A representative of the goosefoot family is quinoa.
Fruit:
▪ nut ( solyanka);
▪ infertility – glomerulus ( beet).
Seeds occupy a vertical or horizontal position, with a horseshoe-shaped, ring or spiral-coiled embryo, with or without protein.
Rice. 42. Food crops from the goosefoot family.
Meaning in nature and human life:
▪ valuable food crops– garden spinach, sugar beet(Fig. 42);
▪ feed crops – fodder beet, solyanka, blackberry;
▪ medicinal plants – Richter's hodgepodge;
▪ industrial crops– semi-shrub and shrub species solyanka (Salsola), along with dung, are used in deserts as a source of fuel, and tree-like saxauls (Haloxylon) are harvested on an industrial scale.
Many species of this family, due to their rich content of mineral salts, especially carbon dioxide, are used for the production of potash and soda.
▪ decorative – saxaul;
▪ weeds – mari, quinoa.
End of work -
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Seaweed
Algae are a large group of lower plants that lack vegetative organs. Evolutionary age. These are the most ancient representatives of plants
Chlamydomonas
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Ulotrix
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Spirogyra is a green multicellular, filamentous, free-living algae. Habitat: fresh water bodies with standing water.
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Department: Bryophytes Mosses are primitive higher spore plants that have poorly developed tissues. Vegetative organs are represented by the stem and leaf
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Kukushkin flax is a green moss, a herbaceous perennial plant. Habitat: lower tier of spruce forest, where it forms dense turf
Sphagnum
Sphagnum is a white moss, herbaceous perennial plant. Rice. 17. Morphology of sphagnum. Habitat: peat bogs.
In the development cycle of pteridophytes, the sporophyte predominates over the gametophyte.
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Moss clubmoss
Habitat: in the lower tiers of coniferous and mixed forests. Morphology: * stem dimensions up to 3 m * green color * photo
Horsetail
Habitat: in fields, arable lands, near ditches and roads. Regardless of where it grows, it is never eaten by farm animals. Horsetail cell membranes
Higher seed plants
Department: Gymnosperms Gymnosperms are higher seed plants that have not only vegetative organs, but also organ systems: root and shoot
Cereal family
Class: monocots. Number: more than 10 thousand species. Life forms: annual and perennial herbs, tree-like plants (bambu
Lily family
Class: monocots. Number: 3500–4000 species. Life forms: predominantly perennial herbs with rhizomes (lily of the valley
Cruciferous or cabbage family
Class: dicotyledonous. Number: about 3 thousand species (Fig. 32). Rice. 32. Variety of cruciferous vegetables. Forms w
Family legumes or legumes
Class: dicotyledonous. Number: about 18 thousand species. Life forms: grasses, vines, shrubs and trees. Co.
Family Rosaceae
Class: dicotyledonous. Number: over 3000 species. Life forms: trees (apple tree), shrubs (spirea) and grasses
Malvaceae family
Class: dicotyledonous. Population: over 2000 plant species, most of which are in the tropics and subtropics. Life forms: many
Family Compositae or Asteraceae
Class: dicotyledonous. Number: about 25 thousand species (the largest family of flowering plants) (Fig. 43). Rice. 43. Variety of Compositae.
Grape family
Class: dicotyledonous. Number: about 700 species. Life forms: woody vines, shrubs and low trees - in the tropics
Nightshade family
Class: dicotyledonous. Number: more than 2.5 thousand species (Fig. 49). Life forms: mostly grasses. Core
Leguminous crops
This category unites 3 families: Cereals, Buckwheat and Legumes (Table 9). The most important grain crop in our country is wheat. Wheat is one of the most ancient
Vegetables
Cabbage ranks first among vegetable crops. Man began to grow cabbage more than 4 thousand years ago. The Slavs have been growing cabbage since the 9th century and were the first to invent a method
Oilseeds
Sunflower (Fig. 54) - “flower of the sun” - is the most important oilseed plant. During the day, the inflorescence-basket rotates on the stem, following the movement of the sun. This is where the name comes from
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Fruit and berry crops
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Chenopodiaceae are associated in the minds of most people with malicious garden weeds and ruderal plants. And this is true: the species of goosefoot (Chenopodium) and quinoa (Atriplex) are the most common cosmopolitan weeds. But at the same time, humanity owes this family a root crop of primary importance - beets and, above all, sugar beets, which now provides more than a third of all food sugar produced in the world, as well as an everyday vegetable - table beets. In addition, this family contains a number of other lesser known but valuable beneficial plants.
The flowers are small, inconspicuous, cyclic or spiral-cyclic, symmetrical, five-dimensional (except for the gynoecium), bisexual or dioecious with traces of reduction of one or the other sex. The perianth is simple, cup-shaped, sometimes reduced in male flowers. The androecium usually consists of 5 stamens, the geniceum is simple, of 2-3 (4-5) carpels, the ovary is superior (in beets - Beta - semi-inferior), unilocular. The leaves are usually entire, without stipules, and may be fleshy or underdeveloped.
The flowers are small, inconspicuous, and in most species are collected in dense balls, which, in turn, form spike-shaped or paniculate inflorescences. The perianth is simple, consisting of five free or fused leaflets; sometimes there may be one to four leaves, or they are absent. There are as many stamens as there are leaves, they are located opposite them. Pistil with an upper or semi-inferior single-locular ovary and two to five stigmas.
Flower formula: .
The fruit is single-seeded, in most cases dry, enclosed in the remaining perianth or in growing bracts.
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General information about chenopods
Chenopodiaceae (lat. Chenopodiáceae) are a family of dicotyledonous plants, numbering about 1,500 species. Perennial and annual herbs, subshrubs, sometimes shrubs and small trees. Species of the family are distributed mainly on saline soils, dry steppes and deserts. Many are weeds. Chenopodiaceae include beets, spinach, barnyard grass, pigweed, solyanka, quinoa, and saxaul.
Healing properties and use in folk medicine. Quinoa. Herbs (stems, leaves, flowers) and seeds are used for medicinal purposes. The plant contains saponins, phenolcarboxylic acids, ferulic acid, flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin), betanin. Phenolcarboxylic acids (vanillic, ferulic) and a blue dye were found in the fruits. The main active ingredient is saponin. Quite a lot of minerals. In folk medicine, quinoa is consumed mainly in the form of a decoction (tea) to cleanse the blood, as well as to enhance the activity of the glands, for diseases of the lungs, liver and bladder.
