Option 23. Assignments for the Unified State Exam 2018. Russian language. I.P. Tsybulko. 36 options
Read the text and complete tasks 1 – 3
(1) Many people have dreamed of simulating the starry sky indoors since ancient times; just remember Archimedes, who supposedly built a device that simulated the starry sky with planets, and even described it in his essay “On the Making of the Celestial Sphere.” (2) The invention of the telescope at the beginning of the 17th century and the associated rapid development of astronomy became an incentive for the construction of mechanical models of the astronomical vision of the world, and first of all, they began to build mechanical models of the heliocentric system in order to popularize the still disputed theory of Copernicus: since all planets move around the Sun in one direction and almost in the same plane, then using a set of shafts and gears they made devices where balls - planets - moved around the central ball - the Sun - maintaining the same relative speeds and distances as in the sky. (3) These models were called Copernican planetariums.
1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) The incentive for the construction of planetariums, the first of which was supposedly built and described by Archimedes, was the development of astronomy associated with the creation of the telescope at the beginning of the 17th century, and first of all, mechanical models of the heliocentric system, called Copernican planetariums, were created.
2) In order to popularize the still disputed theory of Copernicus, at the beginning of the 17th century, models of the heliocentric system were created: using a set of shafts and gears, devices were made where balls - planets - moved around the central ball - the Sun - maintaining the same relative speeds and distances as and in the sky.
3) Presumably, the first planetarium was built and described by Archimedes, but the development of astronomy was caused by the creation of a telescope in the 17th century, which led to the construction of planetariums, and first Copernican planetariums were created - mechanical models of the heliocentric system.
4) At the beginning of the 17th century, Copernican planetariums were created - mechanical models of the heliocentric system, which were devices in which balls - planets - moved around the central ball - the Sun - maintaining the same relative speeds and distances as in the sky.
5) Archimedes also built a device that simulated the starry sky with planets, and even described it in the essay “On the Making of the Celestial Sphere,” which confirms the existence in ancient times of the idea of creating a starry sky indoors.
2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the first (1) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
on the other side
Despite everything
Unfortunately
For example
3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word TRANSMISSION. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
TRANSMISSION, -i, f.
1) Action according to the meaning of the verb “transfer”. P. order. P. telephone messages. P. knowledge and experience. P. relay baton. P. thoughts at a distance. P. ownership of land.
2) A mechanism that transmits movement and power from one part of the device to another. Gidravlicheskaya village. Chervyachnaya village.
3) What is broadcast on radio and television. Interesting item. Listen to the program. Program Guide.
4) Things, products transferred to someone. (to hospital, prison). Bring the package.
5) Throwing a ball, puck from player to player of one team (sports). Accurate p. Goal p. Midfielder. P. from the center of the field.
4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.
Don't
will tilt
overflowed
5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
The SELECTION round has already passed, and preparations for the concert were in full swing.
It is necessary to follow the rules of etiquette so as not to accidentally put a person in a HUMILIATING position for him.
Komlev no longer felt hatred and understood that he would not be able to REPAY his enemy.
Confusion reigned in the ENEMY camp.
Every year the library receives about a thousand orders from its SUBSCRIBERS, including by e-mail.
6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
kilogram of WAFFLES
SEVENTY percent
CHILL in the wind
movement is SHARPER
a lot of EGGPLANT
7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| GRAMMATICAL ERRORS A) error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members B) incorrect construction of a sentence with an adverbial phrase B) error in constructing a complex sentence D) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate D) incorrect use of a numeral name | OFFERS 1) When the horse fell into the ditches, all three had to get out of the sleigh and walk waist-deep in the snow. 2) The foggy streaks began to gradually turn red and disperse, into which the meadows and arable lands were drowning. 3) When you look at the monument to M. Yu. Lermontov, you get the impression that the poet is looking around and admiring his beloved city. 4) Having met by chance, two friends spent a long time telling each other the latest news. 5) The United States took unprecedented security measures during the preparation and holding of the meeting of heads of state participating in the next UN assembly. 6) Those who have visited Antarctica could see the active volcano Erebus, located on one of the coastal islands. 7) Sitting on an earthen embankment, the spectators could see the entire stadium. 8) Bees are attracted to flowers that not only emit a fragrant aroma, but also have bright colors. 9) Personal hygiene is a set of hygienic rules, the implementation of which helps to preserve and strengthen human health. |
8. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
to..to touch
realistic
mature
lie down
9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write down these words by inserting the missing letter,
from..skat, super..gra
z..birth, r..list (ceiling)
pr..opened, pr..increased (speed)
pr..glued, pr..following
and... frightening, insecure...
10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in place of the gap.
take your leave
glossy
grow..grow
annoying
accommodating
11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
present..sh
recreating..my
paddock..sew
viewed...
(smoke) isn't it...
12. Determine the sentence in which NOT is written together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.
Salvation came unexpectedly and precisely at the moment when it seemed that help was coming (NOT) WHERE.
The closed sluices raised the waters of a (NOT) WIDE, but a narrow river high.
The dust settles, and (NOT) HIGH pyramidal poplars are revealed.
The sun, not yet HIDDEN by clouds, illuminates a gloomy yellow-purple cloud.
It seems that spring has (NOT) HAPPENED for a long time, everyone was looking forward to it.
13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.
It was necessary to wait for Semenov at ANYTHING, (BECAUSE) his arrival decided a lot.
Ranevskaya comes from Paris to repent of her sins, and ALSO to find peace in her native estate.
The sky was gloomy just like yesterday, the sea was stormy, (THUS) the boat trip had to be postponed.
(C) DURING last summer I had the opportunity to live in an old estate near Moscow, (WHAT) it was not like ordinary estates.
(FROM) UNDER THE snow the first spring flowers appeared, and (C)ONCE the joy of nature's renewal was breathed.
14. Indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) one letter N is written.
Peter I's favorite dishes were fried (1) meat with vegetables, baked (2) fish, thick sausages, finished (3) ham and marinated (4) mushrooms.
15. Place punctuation marks. List two sentences that require ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) Sheet metal is used to make machine and instrument bodies and utensils.
2) Tinsmiths must know the structure of various machines and devices for processing sheet metal and be able to work on them.
3) Wood glue is produced in the form of grains or hard tiles with a shiny surface.
4) We stayed up for a long time and admired the sky and the sea.
5) The main character’s attacks on people are inappropriate and he looks comical in his excessive demands on people.
16. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s).
The steppe air (1) filled with a thousand different bird whistles (2) was hot, and hawks (3) stood motionless in the high sky, spreading their wings (4) and motionlessly fixing their eyes on the grass.
17. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s), in the place of which(s) there should be a comma(s).
The leaves on the trees do not move; on a hot summer day they (1) seem to (2) shine through with emeralds, so that the lace of veins is visible. Only individual leaves will suddenly sway (3) apparently (4) from the movement of a bird suddenly fluttering from a branch.
18. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s), in the place of which(s) there should be a comma(s).
Gross domestic product is the indicator (1) on the basis of (2) which (3) countries are divided (4) into developed and developing.
19. Place all punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.
They say (1) that kindness cures loneliness (2) and (3) when I settled in the village (4) I had the opportunity to verify this.
20. Edit the sentence: correct a lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.
P. M. Tretyakov was fond of collecting paintings all his life and by the age of thirty-five he was already a well-known breeder throughout Russia, respected not only by art critics, but also by artists.
Read the text and complete tasks 21 - 26
(1) Childhood rarely makes it possible to guess anything about the child’s future. (2) No matter how hard fathers and mothers try to see what will come of their child, no, it is not justified. (3) They all see childhood as a preface to adult life, preparation. (4) In fact, childhood is an independent kingdom, a separate country, independent of the adult future, of parental plans; it, if you like, is the main part of life, it is the main age of a person. (5) Moreover, a person is destined for childhood, born for childhood, in old age childhood is remembered most of all, therefore we can say that childhood is the future of an adult...
(6) Childhood was the happiest time of my life. (7) Not because things got worse. (8) And over the next years I thank fate, and there were a lot of good things. (9) But childhood was different from the rest of my life in that then the world seemed arranged for me, I was a joy for my father and mother, there was still no sense of duty, no responsibilities. (10) Childhood is irresponsible. (11) It was then that responsibilities around the house began to appear. (12) Go. (13) Bring it. (14) Wash... (15) School, lessons appeared, a clock appeared, time appeared.
(16) I lived among grass, berries, geese, ants. (17) I could lie in a field, fly among the clouds, run to God knows where, just rush, be a horse, a car, a steam locomotive. (18) Could talk to any adult. (19) This was the kingdom of freedom. (20) Not only external, but also internal. (21) I could look from the bridge into the water for hours (what did I see there?). (22) I stood idle for a long time at the shooting range. (23) The forge was a magical sight.
(24) As a child, I loved to lie on the warm logs of a raft; without taking your eyes off the water, watch how they play there in the reddish depths, the bleaks glisten.
(25) You turn on your back, clouds are floating in the sky, and it seems that my raft is floating. (26) The water is gurgling under the logs, where is it floating? - of course, to distant countries, there are palm trees, deserts, camels. (27) In children's countries there were no skyscrapers, no highways, there was a country of Fenimore Cooper, sometimes Jack London - everything is snowy, blizzard, frosty.
(28) Childhood is black bread, warm, fragrant, there was no such thing later, it remained there, it’s green peas, it’s grass under bare feet, it’s pies with carrots, rye, with potatoes, it’s homemade kvass. (29) Where does the food of our childhood disappear? (30) And why does she always disappear? (31)Lean sugar, millet porridge with pumpkin...
(32) There were so many different happy, cheerful things... (33) Childhood remains the main thing and gets prettier over the years. (34) I cried there too, I was unhappy. (35) Fortunately, this was completely forgotten, only the charm of that life remained. (36) Namely life. (37) There was no love, no glory, no travel - only life, a pure feeling of delight at one’s existence under this sky. (38) The value of friendship or the happiness of having parents was not yet realized, all this later, later, and there, on the raft, only me, the sky, the river, sweet foggy dreams...
(According to D. A. Granin)
21. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.
1) Childhood is a preparation for adulthood, since in childhood a child is just beginning to comprehend the structure of the world.
2) Parents' attempts to understand what their child's future will be like are most often unsuccessful.
3) The narrator became acquainted with the works of F. Cooper and J. London in adulthood, when he traveled to distant lands.
4) From childhood, the narrator was taught to be responsible, to perform household duties, and to work in the forge.
5) The narrator considers childhood to be the happiest time, despite the fact that later there were many good things in his life.
22. Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.
1) Sentences 3, 4 contain justification for what is said in sentence 2.
2) Sentences 6-9 contain reasoning.
3) Sentences 16-20 present the narrative.
4) Sentence 28 presents a narrative.
5) Proposition 31 contains the answer to the questions formulated in sentences 29, 30.
23. From sentences 24-27, write down one phraseological unit.
24. Among sentences 1-6, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using attributive and personal pronouns. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).
25. “The text uses various techniques, in particular (A)___ (“childhood” in sentence 5), as well as tropes: (B)___ (“magical spectacle” in sentence 23, “sweet foggy dreams” in sentence 38) , (C) ___ (“childhood is an independent kingdom” in sentence 4, “the kingdom of freedom” in sentence 19). Childhood is replaced by another time, which in the text is characterized by a syntactic device - (D) ___ (sentences 12-14).”
List of terms:
1) synonyms
2) metaphor
3) epithets
4) lexical repetition
5) phraseology
6) antonyms
7) one-part sentences
8) interrogative sentences
9) appeals
| Option 23 |
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| Job number | Answer | Job number | Answer |
| to also |
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| For example | |||
| 123 or any combination of these numbers |
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| humiliating | |||
| 1234 or any combination of these numbers |
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| realistic | collector |
||
| embryo painted | |||
| glossy | |||
| you'll drive | eyes fixed |
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| out of nowhere | |||
Problem
1. The problem of the value of childhood. (What is the value of childhood?)
2. The problem of a child’s perception of the world around him. (How do children perceive the world around them?)
1. Childhood is the main time in life: a person is destined for childhood, born for it. This is an independent kingdom, a separate country, independent of the adult future.
2. The child perceives the world around him in a special way: it seems to him that the whole world is arranged for him, and this makes him attractive. The child experiences internal and external freedom, he is not burdened with any responsibilities, a sense of duty: there is no love, no glory, no travel - only life, a pure feeling of delight at his existence under this sky.
The answers to tasks 1–24 are a word, phrase, number or sequence of words, numbers. Write the answer to the right of the assignment number without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
Read the text and complete tasks 1–3.
(1) The debate about when and why bird flight originated is still ongoing. (2) Some scientists believe that it’s all about the ice age: the advancing glacier drove the birds out of their usual habitats, and when the glacier retreated, the descendants of the fugitives returned home. (3)______ after all, almost none of the migratory birds build nests and raise chicks in wintering areas.
1
Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?
1. Almost none of the migratory birds build nests or raise chicks in wintering areas.
2. Some scientists believe that birds return home when the glacier recedes.
3. The reason for bird flights was the ice age: when the glacier advanced, the birds flew away, and when it retreated, they returned to their usual habitats.
4. Scientists are still arguing about when and why bird flights arose.
5. The Ice Age, which drove birds out of their usual habitats, became the cause of bird flights.
2
Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
1. Indeed,
2. Fortunately,
4. At the same time
3
Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word RETURN. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
RETURN AND Th, -upl Yu, -at eat; owls
1. Having stepped, move away, move back, to the side. O. from the door. Oh, one step. The forests retreated to the north (trans.).
2. Move back under the pressure of the advancing enemy. O. with battles. O. before difficulties (translated).
3. from what. Give up your intentions and plans. He won’t back down from his own. I won't give up until I get my way.
4. from what. Stop sticking to something. O. from my opinion. O. from custom.
5. from what. Shift attention from the main to the secondary. O. off topic.
6. (1st person and 2nd person not used), trans. In certain combinations: become weaker, get closer to the end. The disease has subsided. The fire receded. The elements have receded.
7. from what. Indent. O. slightly from the edge of the sheet.
4
In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.
religion
kitchen
plum
5
One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
1. As a child, she was a very TRUSTING child.
2. Each era develops its own VALUABLE guidelines
3. He was always an overly PRACTICAL person.
4. Today my sister WEARED a festive dress.
5. CONFIDENT tone of conversation.
6
In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
RINSES the laundry
according to the TABLE
few CALORIES
TWO beautiful pianists
Little Pony
7
Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| GRAMMATICAL ERRORS | OFFERS |
| A) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members | 1) A.S. Pushkin wrote that he was not born to amuse kings. |
| B) violation of the construction of sentences with participial phrases | 2) Marie Skłodowska-Curie is the only woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize twice. |
| C) incorrect construction of a sentence with an adverbial phrase | 3) Even in the most difficult times, A. Akhmatova believed that “And yet they will recognize my voice, And yet they will believe it again.” |
| D) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech | 4) In the novels of M. Sholokhov there are no lies, pretending to be another truth. |
| D) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition | 5) Getting closer, the hunters saw that the bear was not killed, but only wounded. |
| 6) The barred round windows of the monastery and the old gilded dome seemed familiar to me. | |
| 7) According to letters from contemporaries, in his youth Leo Tolstoy preferred to travel on horseback. | |
| 8) Going up to the second floor, I saw a long corridor and a wooden door | |
| 9) Enjoying a delicious dinner, our conversation flowed serenely. |
Write your answer in numbers without spaces or other symbols
8
Identify the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
forbidding
b...size
uprising
k...tingent
9
Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.
h...spend the night, w...cook
pr...breezy, pr...given
and...cook, food...
pr...increase, pr...passion
p...road worker, not...sightly
10
construction
lucky
kind...nice
enamel
overcome
11
Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
opening... May
indescribable...my
you're worried
haunted...my
12
Indicate all the numbers replaced by I.
Now no (1) mountains, no (2) sky, no (3) earth - no (4) what no (5) was visible.
13
Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.
1. (S)AFTER, we more than once recalled how Fedor bravely walked (OVER) THAT rocky ledge.
2. It was STILL hot outside, (THUS) the issue of drinking water delivery turned out to be the most pressing.
3. (NOT) DESPITE feeling poorly, Sergei managed to finish the work (IN) WITHIN a week.
4. TO get to the pass, we had to walk for so long that many people (FREQUENTLY) thought about returning to the camp.
5. Kids played in the yard the SAME as a year ago, and strict grandmothers made sure that order was maintained.
14
Indicate all the numbers replaced by one N.
On the yacht - the company (1) stamp “K. Faberge”, and on the silver(2) rim, placed on the crystal, her name “Faith” is engraved(3).
15
Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1. Prickly thorns of wild roses can be found near Moscow and in Siberia, Central Asia and the Far East.
2. Quiet and soundless in the winter forest and snow-covered forest clearings
3. The grass flowers shine and bask and joyfully reach out to the gentle sun.
4. All day we walked through the forests, made our way through thickets of birches and aspens, breathing in the musty smell of grass and roots.
5. The world is filled with the smell of pine, the sun and the singing of a lark.
16
For two weeks now (1) our newly arrived (2) puppy has been exploring the world (3) at the same time testing (4) the boundaries of what is permitted.
17
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences.
Some contemporaries were outraged by the use of A.S. Pushkin of common people’s words in contexts where (1) according to critics (2) it was necessary to use the words “high”. However (3) Pushkin resolutely rejected the concept of “low matter”.
18
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Among the conversations (1) that then took place between Daisy and me (2) and (3) which often ended in the morning (4) because we discovered new aspects of the same things (5) the topic of traveling together to all the places (6) that I visited before.
19
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
He was content with (1) what was written in the notebook (2) and did not show any annoying curiosity (3) even (4) when he did not understand everything (5) that he listened and taught.
20
Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the selected word, observing the norms of the modern Russian literary language.
The communal house was equipped with the latest technology, care was taken for the comfort of the residents: a laundry room, a dining room-restaurant, a club, a store, hot water, rare at that time, and a kindergarten.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-26.
(1) Autumn came by surprise and took possession of the earth - gardens and rivers, forests and air, fields and birds. (2) Everything immediately became autumn.
(3) Tits were fussing about in the garden. (4) Their scream was like the sound of broken glass. (5) They hung upside down on the branches and looked out the window from under the maple leaves.
(6) Every morning, migratory birds gathered in the garden, as if on an island. (7) Amid the whistling, squawking and croaking, a commotion arose in the branches. (8) Only during the day was it quiet in the garden: restless birds were flying south.
(9) The leaves have begun to fall. (10) Leaves fell day and night. (11) They either flew obliquely in the wind, or lay vertically in the damp grass. (12) The forests were drizzling with rain of flying leaves. (13) This rain continued for weeks. (14) Only towards the end of September the copses were exposed, and through the thicket of trees the blue distance of the compressed fields became visible.
(15) Then the old man Prokhor, a fisherman and basket maker (in Solotch, almost all old people become basket makers with age), told me a fairy tale about autumn. (16) Until then, I had never heard this tale; Prokhor must have invented it himself.
(17) “Look around,” Prokhor told me, picking at his bast shoe with an awl, “take a closer look, dear man, at what every bird or, say, other living creature breathes.” (18) Look, explain. (19) Otherwise they will say: I studied in vain. (20) For example, a leaf falls off in the fall, but people don’t realize that a person in this matter is the main defendant. (21) A man, say, invented gunpowder. (22) The enemy will tear it apart with that gunpowder! (23) I myself also dabbled in gunpowder. (24) In ancient times, the village blacksmiths forged the first gun, filled it with gunpowder, and that gun fell into the hands of a fool. (25) A fool was walking through the forest and saw orioles flying under the skies, yellow cheerful birds flying and whistling, inviting guests. (26) The fool hit them with both trunks - and the golden fluff flew to the ground, fell on the forests, and the forests withered, withered and fell overnight. (27) And other leaves, where the bird’s blood got in, turned red and also fell off. (28) I suppose I saw in the forest - there is a yellow leaf and there is a red leaf. (29) Until that time, all the birds spent the winter with us. (30) Even the crane didn’t go anywhere. (31) And the forests stood both summer and winter! (32) And in leaves, flowers and mushrooms. (33) And there was no snow. (34) There was no winter, I say. (35) It wasn’t! (36) Why the hell did she surrender to us, winter, pray tell?! (37) What interest does she have? (38) The fool killed the first bird - and the earth became sad. (39) From that time on, leaf fall, and wet autumn, and leaf-cutting winds, and winters began. (40) And the bird got scared, flew away from us, and was offended by the person. (41) So, dear, it turns out that we have harmed ourselves, and we need not to spoil anything, but to take good care of it.
Every art reveals secrets, and every art in its perfection is certainly captivating. The artist’s job is to express his vision of the world, and it has no other purpose.
Composition
Often, when analyzing a particular object of art, we pay attention to only one of its sides: the external, without thinking at all about what it can mean and what it can lead to. In this text M.O. Gershenzon raises the problem of interaction between form and content in art.
Analyzing this problem, the author cites as an example the poetry of A.S. Pushkin: many pay attention only to the form of the poem, glide through it, “rejoicing at its smoothness and brilliance,” enjoying the musicality of the lines and the colorfulness of the images. But all this was conceived in order to convey the poet’s “deep revelations,” which, taken “into the light of day,” may seem strange or even incredible. The literary critic emphasizes that not everyone can discern the secret essence of an object of art behind its form: “Only now are we...learning to understand the wisdom of Pushkin through the dazzling sparkle of his beauty.” This happens with paintings and music. The author brings us to the conclusion that the form serves to attract people’s attention to the content, and at the same time makes it inaccessible to fragile minds - this is the “wise trick of nature.”
M.O. Gershenzon believes that in art form and content are inseparable: first, the form draws attention to the entire work as a whole, and then arouses interest in its essence and content.
I completely agree with the author’s opinion and also believe that form and content in art are an inseparable tandem that can give a person incredible pleasure, philosophical rapture or a crushing mystery. One serves to attract attention and aesthetic pleasure, while the other gives secrets and revelations of the creator.
Creativity V.V. Mayakovsky is known not only for its expression, but also for its completely new form, unusual for that time. The poet’s famous “ladder” attracts most people with its shape and sonority, and it did not serve to enrich V.V. Mayakovsky on the number of lines, as many envious people argued, - this form is an integral part of his poetry, it served and continues to serve to convey the mood of the poem, its message. So, in the poem “Lilychka!” This form conveys the abruptness of the lyrical hero’s speech, his excitement, and rapid heartbeat due to parting with his beloved. All this more fully expresses the image of the lyrical hero and his beloved and is a cry of despair of V.V. himself. Mayakovsky.
Sometimes the maximum reduction of words in a poem contributes to the depth of its meaning. Matsuo Basho, being the founder of the haiku genre, used a unique, attractive form in his poems, famous for its “linked stanzas”. Three-verse lines, like “The Path to the North,” served to convey the inner beauty of the phenomenon or object being described, its “soul,” “inner life” in a simple, laconic form. With such a “sparseness” of lines, the poet drew attention to the essence of his works and gave the reader the opportunity to immerse himself in them as deeply as possible.
Thus, we can conclude that form and content in art serve to convey the thoughts of the creators in a deeper and more vivid way. They are inseparable and inseparable: form without essence is empty, and essence without form cannot find its reader.
What is the value of childhood? Can childhood be considered the most important time in life? These are the questions that arise when reading D. Granin’s text.
Revealing the problem of the value of childhood, the author relies on his memories of childhood, on his own impressions received during this wonderful time and preserved in memory forever. According to the writer, childhood is an independent kingdom, independent of the adult future. Man is destined for childhood, so in old age it is this that is most remembered.
At this happy time, it seems to a person that the world is arranged for him, he is in the kingdom of freedom, not only external, but also internal.
Let's turn to literary arguments. In A.P. Platonov’s story “Nikita,” the world is shown through the eyes of a five-year-old child, who is left to his own devices from early morning until late evening, because his father is at war and his mother works in the field.
Nikita populates his imaginary world with living creatures, humanizing everything around him. For example, he thinks that there is a little man living in an empty barrel, whom the baby persuades to weed millet in order to get a workday. The gentle sun looks like a deceased grandfather; grandfather probably lives there now. In Nikita’s imagination, little water men live in an abandoned well, and the old tree stump has an angry face. Nikita is scared because all these imaginary creatures seem unkind to him. The father who returned from the war explained to his son that he had invented these evil little men, and that he “made the nail man” “with difficulty,” so the nail is a good man. The boy decided that he needed to work, then everyone would be alive. And the father firmly knew and believed that his son was kind and would remain so throughout his long life.
Let us give one more literary argument. In N. G. Mikhailovsky’s autobiographical story “Tema’s Childhood,” we meet an eight-year-old boy. Already in the first chapter it is shown how sharp the impressions of the little hero are and how strong his experiences are. Early in the morning he saw that his father's favorite flower had bloomed in the garden. A tender feeling for the flower awoke in the child, and he wanted to kiss it, but lost his balance and broke the flower. For Tyoma this was a real tragedy; he felt deeply unhappy because of the irreparable misfortune.
We came to the conclusion that in childhood a child is surrounded by a special, independent world, independent of adults, a rich imagination helps him see this world in his own way, and feelings of joy and sadness are experienced much more acutely than in adults. What seems like a trifle to a child is of great importance.
Updated: 2018-01-15
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Question #24
(1) The highest thing a person can achieve is wisdom.
(2) Wisdom should have become a school subject; it should be taught. (3) More precisely, wisdom must be taught - as caution in judgment, abstinence from insufficiently substantiated statements, the ability to take into account many factors, relying on what is born of the diversity of historical experience. (4) This is more than knowledge. (5) This is also intuition and aversion to self-deception. (6) A wise person is never arrogant: he does not consider the results of his reflections to be final; he admits their fallacy, comparing them with directly opposite statements and finding gaps in what seemed obvious.
(7) Wisdom needs knowledge, but cannot be reduced to it. (8) Someone may know, say, all the varieties of butterflies and understand nothing about environmental problems. (9) Don’t even be interested in them. (10) In this case, a person loses sight of the connection between an individual butterfly and the structure of the world.
(11)3knowledge answers the question “Why?”, and information only answers the questions “What?” Where? When? How?". (12)3knowledge consists of “understandings” and is the property of science. (13)3knowledge needs information, but is not limited to it - it is higher, because it knows how to check the reliability of information.
(14)3knowledge in the European, and now in the global scientific tradition, has always opposed opinion. (15) An opinion is just some attitude towards something, and knowledge is, I repeat, an understanding of a pattern. (16) It is important not so much to defend your opinion as to think about it being proven, at least striving to become knowledge. (17) The desire to encourage in every possible way baseless opinions as an end in itself is very dangerous for a growing person. (18) It is not enough to think independently - you also need to think correctly.
(19) I have an acquaintance, a school principal whom I deeply respect. (20) He told me with obvious pride that his children at school write essays on the most complex topics without any preparation. (21) And he gave examples of indeed very complex philosophical topics that require deep study, immersion in a mass of authoritative sources, in order to have the right to say something of their own against their background. (22) Instead, on the contrary, children were encouraged to express any of their immature thoughts about the deep, eternal questions of existence and to defend these “thoughts.” (23) I tried to object to him: what about intellectual honesty? (24) Doubt? (25) An attitude to refrain from judgment if there is no knowledge of what and why others think about it? (26) How can there be an opinion without a doubt, because a person becomes self-confident and arrogant! (27) Where is the fear of error? (28) But I discovered that the director did not understand my concerns...
(According to B. Bim-Bad*)
*Boris Mikhailovich Bim-Bad (born in 1941) - Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, senior researcher at the Research Institute of General Pedagogy.
24. Read a fragment of a review compiled on the basis of the text that you analyzed while completing tasks 20-23. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Insert into the blanks (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter.
“In an effort to more accurately reveal the content of complex concepts, the author uses such techniques as (A) _______ (sentences 4,5) and (B) _______ (sentence 15), as well as a syntactic device - (C) _______ (for example, sentences 3, 5 , 7). Inviting serious reflection, the author uses a technique such as (D) _______ (sentences 23-25).”
List of terms:
2) phraseology
4) anaphora
5) opposition
6) exclamatory sentence
7) parcellation
8) a number of homogeneous members
9) question-and-answer form of presentation
Write down a sequence of numbers without spaces in the answer field.
Lexical means (tropes)
Trails - words or figures of speech used in a figurative, allegorical meaning.
1. Epithet - an adjective that has a figurative and emotional meaning (can be a noun, adverb, verb).
Golden Grove. Cheerful birds began to sing. The azure of heaven laughs. The petrel soars proudly. The poet is the echo of the world.
2. Metaphor - one thing is replaced by another in a figurative meaning (hidden comparison).
Burn on the ground. The chintz of the sky is blue.
3. Personification - phenomena or objects endowed with the properties of living beings.
Time is running out. Gloomy forest.
4. Metonymy - replacing the containing with the content; thing - material.
I ate three plates. Crystal and bronze on the table.
5. Synecdoche - replacing the plural with a singular, using the whole instead of a part (and vice versa).
All flags will visit us (meaning: states).
6. Allegory - allegory, depiction of a specific concept in artistic images (in fairy tales, fables, proverbs, epics).
Cunning is in the image of a fox, courage and strength are in the image of Ilya Muromets, beauty is in the image of Apollo.
7. Hyperbole - exaggeration of properties, qualities.
I've said it a hundred times. My love, wide as the sea, cannot be contained by the shores of life.
8. Litota - understatement of properties, qualities.
Two steps from here.
9. Paraphrase - a retelling, a descriptive phrase containing an assessment (the object is not directly named, properties or similar values indicating the object are called).
White Stone Capital (Moscow). It's a sad time! The charm of the eyes, (autumn).
10. Pun - a play on words, a humorous use of multiple meanings of words or homonymy.
Spring will drive anyone crazy. The ice - and it began to move; The director held a conference... And journalists...
11. Irony - the use of a word in a sense opposite to the literal one; the goal is subtle or hidden ridicule; the highest degree of irony - sarcasm.
We are minds, and you are alas; between you and me, this engineer of human souls turned out to be an extremely insolvent and limited subject.
12. Paradox - an unexpected conclusion that diverges from logic or conventional opinion.
13. Comparison - comparison of similar elements in the text + comparative conjunctions (as if, as if, exactly, as, etc.).
...like gold, ...as if cut out with a jigsaw.
Lexical means (not tropes)
Lexical means based on the meaning of words.
1.Phraseologism - a stable expression used figuratively.
Jump on your hind legs.
2. Lexical repetition - repetition of a word, phrase in a sentence or text.
Wind, wind all over the world.
3. Synonyms - words of the same part of speech, identical or similar in their lexical meaning
Guess, conjecture, hypothesis.
4. Contextual (or contextual) synonyms - words that are synonyms only in this text.
Lomonosov is a genius - the beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)
5. Antonyms - words of the same part of speech that are opposite in their lexical meaning
Black - white, hot - cold, high - low.
6. Homonyms - words that sound the same but have different lexical meanings
Club(smoke), club (hunters and fishermen), club (night).
7. Professional vocabulary - words characteristic of professional dialects; professional words used by groups of people united by common occupations or occupations
Where is the compass? architect, palette And cutter
Your learned whim was obeyed
Syntactic means
Syntactic means - figures of speech used to enhance the expressiveness (expressiveness) of a statement (not based on a figurative meaning)
1. Comparative turnover - there is something that is compared, something with which it is compared + comparative conjunctions (as if, as if, exactly, as, etc.).
He's like a bull in a china shop.
2. Ellipsis - omission of one of the members of a sentence that is easily restored in meaning (most often a predicate). This achieves dynamism and conciseness of speech and conveys a tense change of action.
We sat down in ashes, cities in dust,
Swords include sickles and plows.
3. Oxymoron - a combination of logically incompatible concepts.
Sounding silence, hot snow, terribly funny, terribly fun.
4. Question-and-answer form of presentation - the text is presented in the form of rhetorical questions and answers to them.
And again a metaphor: “Live under minute houses...”. What does this mean? Nothing lasts forever, everything is subject to decay and destruction
5. Rows of homogeneous members of a sentence - enumeration of homogeneous concepts.
A long, serious illness and retirement from sports awaited him.
6. Quoting - transmission in the text of other people's thoughts and statements indicating the author of these words.
As it is said in the poem by N. Nekrasov: “You have to bow your head below a thin epic…”
7. Anaphora - repetition of the initial words.
I swear by the first day of creation, I swear by its last day
8. Epiphora - repetition of final words.
9. Antithesis - comparison of opposite concepts in meaning in a sentence or text.
A stupid person will judge, but a smart person will judge.
10. Inversion - changing the correct word order to enhance expressiveness.
The horses were brought out. I didn't like them. Nature was waiting for winter.
11. Parallelisms - similar arrangement of elements, same type of construction.
The coachman whistled, the horses galloped, and the bell rang.
12. Gradation - a “ladder” of words that are close in meaning with an increase or decrease in their semantic significance.
Women cry: streams, lakes, oceans of tears!
13. Parcellation - splitting a sentence into several.
Night. Street. Flashlight
There is no explanation for this question
