It is not difficult for anyone to speak without errors. When pronouncing words in the Russian language, no one even thinks about their composition and pronunciation. However, in writing, certain rules must be observed. Sometimes in Russian language lessons, schoolchildren are asked to determine the person of the verb. In order to cope with this task, you must adhere to the necessary recommendations. And first of all, you need to understand what this category is?
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Definition
The person of a verb is a grammatical group that modifies the word and expresses the comparability of the action, indicated by this word in relation to the interlocutor. In other words, it denotes the one who performs this action. This category is characteristic of forms in the present and future tense in the indicative and imperative moods and is considered one of the features subject to frequent changes. Therefore, it is very important to know the rules for determining it.
To correctly define this category of words, follow the tips below.
Put a question to the correct word:
- For 1st person: what am I doing? what are we doing? (reading, reading).
- For 2: what are you doing? what you are doing? (read, read).
- For 3: what does it do? what are they doing? (reads, read).
It becomes clear that a question is posed to all words as if they were the only one, and for the plural.
It is very easy to establish this category using a pronoun that fits the meaning. To do this you need to do the following:
- For 1st person: I, we. – I’m sitting, we’re sitting.
- For 2: you, you. - You sit, you sit.
- For 3: he she, it, they. - She sits, they sit.
Pay attention to personal endings:
- The 1st person singular verb has the endings -ayu (I run, I fall), -uyu (I draw, dance), -yaya (I walk, shoot). In the plural: -im, -eat (we eat, write).
- In the 2nd person singular it has the endings -ish, -eat (you hear, write), and the plural: -ite, -ete (you sit, write).
- In the 3rd person singular it has the endings -it, -et (he sits, she writes), and the plural: -ut, -yut, -at, -yat (they walk, walk, hurry, sit).
It would be a good idea to use a special table containing examples. You can compose it yourself filling in with example words with each type of ending. This method will help you easily learn to recognize the correct spelling by memorizing the endings.
Remember: it is impossible to determine this category of words for past tense verbs. This also applies to the infinitive.
Let's give examples: sang (you, she, me), sing (to you, to him, to me). Impersonal (it froze, it got dark) are also not subject to change in this form. Using a stand of the necessary pronouns we can conclude that such forms do not have this category!
In particularly difficult cases, use the determination methods you know. The 1st and 3rd person forms can be expressed in the imperative mood. In this case, their formation occurs with the participation of particles yes, let's, let, let.
Determination sequence
We'll tell you step by step how to define this category:
Definition of reflexive verbs, their person and number
A reflexive verb differs from a non-reflexive verb in the form of the suffixes -sya and -sya.
- The suffix -с follows vowels (it turned out, it went down, I liked it).
- The suffix -sya follows the endings of words (takes - taken, says - said) and after consonants (takes offense, makes sure).
To explain what this is, here are some examples:
Roman got dressed and got ready for work. Tatyana was offended by her friend. The sun set behind a cloud.
Behind words of this form nouns and pronouns are never used in the accusative case.
The person of a reflexive verb in the singular is determined by the noun or pronoun that refers to the verb, as well as by the endings of the verbs.
For example: I laugh (1), you laugh (2), he laughs (3), the house is being built (3). In the plural, this category of words is defined in the same way. For example: they laugh, he laughs (3), you laugh, you laugh (2), I laugh, we laugh (1).
The person of the verb is one of its most important categories. In order to write correctly in Russian, you need to learn the correct definition of this category. Carefully study the rules and definition algorithm and strictly follow them when writing. This will make it possible to avoid mistakes.
Face in the Russian language it acts as the most important morphological feature of verbs. With the help of persons in a sentence, the attitude of the one who performs the action to the one who speaks about it is expressed.
There are three face shapes: 1st, 2nd and 3rd. It is the face that is the defining feature of a word, allowing you to correctly place suffixes and endings in it. Ultimately, it is knowledge of faces that allows you to correctly express your thoughts.
In the 1st person form there are those verbs, the cases of use of which provide for the coincidence of the performer of the action and the one who speaks about it.
Example: I eat, I do, I talk, I sleep, we do, etc.
Verbs in the 2nd person indicate that the action being performed does not refer to the narrator himself, but to his interlocutor.
Example: You did, you ate, you spoke, you slept, you do.
Verbs in the 3rd person express the attitude of action towards a person (people) not participating in the conversation and are usually used with pronouns - he, she, it, they.
Example: He did it, he ate it, he talked, they slept, she did it, it fell out.
Persons in Russian verbs are mainly indicated by endings. Verbs of the first person singular (in the present and future tenses) have endings -U or -YU. For example: I’m writing, reading, calling, screaming. Verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugation have the same endings in the 1st person.
The second person in Russian verbs has its own characteristics. They are associated with verb endings. And as you know, endings in verbs depend on the conjugation. Verbs of the 1st conjugation have an ending -EAT in the singular and -ETE in plural. For example, eat, come in. Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have an ending -LOOK in the singular and -ITE in the plural. For example, you call, shout. The 2nd person of verbs can be recognized either in a certain context or by a special ending.
The 3rd person in Russian is determined by the pronouns “he”, “she”, “it”, “they”. Verbs of the 1st conjugation have endings -ET in the singular and -YUT in the plural (he, she, it reads, they read). Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have endings -IT And -AT (YAT) in the plural (he, she, it calls, they call).
Verbs in the subjunctive mood and in the past tense of the indicative mood do not change by person; in these forms, differences are presented not by person, but by gender. Personal pronouns-nouns correspond to the personal forms of the verb.
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To determine the person, you need to understand who or what the action in the sentence refers to. Action may include:
- to the speaker himself (this is the first person);
- to the one to whom he addresses (second person);
- or to an outside person/object (third party).
Each person has a singular and a plural form.
First person
The first person singular form shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself (that is, the subject of speech): I’m going, . This form corresponds to the pronoun “I”.
The first person plural form indicates that the action is performed by several persons, including the speaker: we go, we talk, we are interested. Accordingly, the first person plural pronoun is “we”.
Second person
The second person form expresses an action relating to the interlocutor (singular) or a group of persons, including the interlocutor (plural). The second person pronouns will be “you” and “you”. For example: (you) say, are interested; (you) walk, talk, are interested.
Third party
The third person form indicates that the action refers to an extraneous person or thing not participating in speech - in the singular, and to a group of persons or objects - in the plural. The corresponding pronouns are: “he”, “she”, “it” - singular, “they” - plural. For example: (he/she/it) walks, talks, is interested; (they) walk, talk, and are interested.
It should also be remembered that not all verbs have a person.
The category of face is possessed by: verbs of the indicative mood in the present and future tense (smile - smile - - smile - - smile, smile - smile - smile - smile - smile - smile - smile) and forms of the imperative mood (here the face is not defined in all cases).
The following persons do not have the category:
- verbs of the indicative mood in the past tense (the forms are the same: I walked = you walked = he walked, we walked = you walked = they walked);
- verbs of the conditional (subjunctive) mood (would like, would go);
- infinitive verbs (initial form of the verb ending in -т/-ть: walk, sing, draw);
- impersonal verbs (it’s getting dark, I want, there’s enough, etc.);
- participles and gerunds (who came, rejoicing). According to some systems of grammar, these parts of speech are classified as verbs, according to others - not. In any case, these parts of speech do not have the category of person.
- What am I doing? What will I do? What are we doing? What will we do? - these questions are answered by 1st person verbs.
- 2nd person verbs will answer: What are you doing? What will you do? What you are doing? What will you do?
- and 3rd person verbs: What does he do? What will he do? What are they doing? What will they do?
- to the 1st person they will have/have the following endings: -уу-, -ау-, -яю-, -im-, -ем-.
- to the 2nd person with the endings: -ish-, -eat-, -ate-, -ite-.
- to 3 - to the same person we assign verbs with the following endings: -it-, -et-, -yut-, -ut-, -at- and -yat-.
- For example, the 1st person has the ending: -у, -у,
- But the second person - eat (and in the second conjugation - eat),
- In the third person there will be -et and -it.
- and then you need to look at the plural.
Face We can define the verb in the forms of the imperative and indicative mood. In the imperative mood, the verb always has the form second persons, that is, consistent with the pronouns you or you: you cut, sing, fold; you wipe, send, sing.
In the indicative mood, verbs in the present and future tenses change in person and number, that is, they are conjugated. In the past tense of the verb no face, but you can determine the gender: swam, swam, swam.
In the present and future tenses of the indicative mood, the person of the verb is determined by the personal endings:
I'm writing, we're writing, I'm going to write, we're going to write
you're writing you're writing you'll be writing you'll be writing
he writes they write he will write they will write
The person of a verb, in contrast to the gender of a verb, can be determined by the pronoun and by questions to the verbs.
The 1st person pronouns include I - WE - what am I doing? or what are we doing?
The 2nd person pronouns YOU - YOU - what are you doing? or what are you doing?
The 3rd person pronouns include HE - SHE - IT - THEY - what does he do? or what are they doing?
By substituting a pronoun for a verb instead of a noun, we find out the person of the verb. What is the pronoun, is the person of the verb.
But the person in verbs is determined only in the present and future tense; it cannot be determined in the past.
Mom is walking - she is walking - what is she doing? - 3rd person.
The tree falls - it falls - what does it do? 3rd person.
In the indicative mood, determining the person of the verb is not difficult; to do this, you just need to ask the appropriate question. For example, take the same verb Define In the present tense, it will be conjugated by person. What am I doing? - I determine, what is He doing? - Defines. What are you doing? - You define it. The main thing to remember is that the pronouns I-We refer to the 1st person, You-You - to the second, and He-They-It-She - to the third.
The person of the verb can only be determined in the future or present tense, because in the past we get I what did I do? - I determined, what were you doing? - Defined. That is, in the past tense we can only get the gender: What did she do? - I determined it.
Well, in the imperative mood we only have Define and Define for the pronouns You and You.
Verb person in Russian this is a grammatical category of verbs that determines the relationship of the ongoing action to the participants in speech.
Simply put, the person of a verb indicates who is doing the action.
For that, to determine the person of the verb, highlight the personal ending of the verb and ask questions:
That is, the 1st person verbs are I, we.
Second person you, you.
Third person - he, she, they, it.
The person of the verb is determined by the personal endings. Moreover, this can be done only in the present and future tense of the indicative verb. As for the imperative mood, the verb will be in the second person.
Verbs in the indicative mood that will/refer to
I sing, play, wash, swim, drink, dance, etc. - first person;
You drink, play, wash, swim, dance, etc. - second person;
Drinks, plays, washes, dances, etc. - a third party.
If you want to determine the person of a verb, then to do this you need to pay attention to the ending of the verb and ask it a question. Each person of the verb has its own question. Here is a table where you can see which questions apply to which person:
In order to determine the person of a verb, you simply need to substitute a suitable pronoun and accordingly ask a question from it to your verb. It is on this basis that the person will be determined.
Here is a more detailed analysis with examples:
To determine which person a particular verb refers to, just look at its ending, ask the appropriate question and determine the conjugation.
How to determine the person of a verb by its ending:
The person of verbs can be determined either by the endings of the verbs, or you can try to find a pronoun for them.
So, 1st person - I, we. Example: I read, we read.
2nd person - you, you. Example: you read, you read.
3rd person - she, he, it, they. Example: he reads, she reads, it reads, they read.
The person of verbs can only be determined for verbs in the indicative and imperative moods.
You need to look either at the ending of the verb or at the accompanying noun - in some cases, the second option will be the simplest and fastest. In the first case, you will need this sign:
You just have to understand this issue a little, then the face will be determined intuitively (yes, this is aerobatics for a schoolchild).
At the same time, you need to remember that you won’t be able to determine the person of the infinitive, as well as verbs in the past tense, and you don’t even have to worry about it.
Personal pronouns- these are words that indicate an object without naming it. Personal pronouns answer questions Who? What? For example:
the table is standing - it (the table) is standing
the coin fell - it (the coin) fell
In the example He And she are personal pronouns, please note that personal pronouns can replace nouns.
Personal pronouns include:
I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they
Personal pronouns have 3 persons and vary in number (singular and plural).
1st person personal pronouns
Pronouns refer to the first person I And We. Pronoun I- singular number, and We- plural.
Personal pronouns of the 1st person singular indicate a person who speaks about himself:
I say I'm smart, I'll go
The plural indicates several people, there is an indication of oneself and someone else:
we say, we are smart, we will go
2nd person personal pronouns
Pronouns refer to the second person You And You. Pronoun You- singular number, and You- plural.
Personal pronouns of the 2nd person singular indicate the person being addressed, that is, the interlocutor:
you want, you are kind, you will go
The plural indicates several people to whom the address is being made, including the interlocutor:
you want, you are smart, you will go
Pronoun You often used instead of a pronoun You to express politeness towards one interlocutor. Therefore sometimes You is a singular form. For example:
Pyotr Semyonovich, are you leaving already?
3rd person personal pronouns
Third person pronouns include he she it And They. Pronouns he she it- singular number, and They- plural.
3rd person singular pronouns change according to gender:
He- masculine
she- feminine
it- neuter gender
In the plural, the gender pronoun does not change; a single form is used for all genders They.
Personal pronouns of the 3rd person singular indicate this or that not participating in the discussion (indication of who or what they are talking about):
he said, she is kind, it is bright
The plural indicates more than one person or thing in question:
they make noise, they are fast, they will go
Declension of personal pronouns
Personal pronouns change by case (inflect):
| Cases | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Them. | Genus. | Dat. | Vin. | Creates. | Suggestion | |
| 1st person singular | I | Me | To me | Me | Me | About me |
| 1st person plural | We | Us | Us | Us | Us | About Us |
| 2nd person singular | You | You | You | You | You | About you |
| 2nd person plural | You | You | To you | You | You | About you |
| 3rd person singular m.r. | He | His | To him | His | Them | About him |
| 3rd person singular w.r. | She | Her | To her | Her | To her (to her) | About her |
| 3rd person singular s.r. | It | His | To him | His | Them | About him |
| 3rd person plural | They | Their | Them | Their | by them | About them |
Using an encountered non-normative variant theirs instead of their is unacceptable and is a grave mistake.
Spelling with prepositions
Prepositions with pronouns are written separately:
to me, to you, to us
After prepositions at the beginning of 3rd person pronouns in indirect cases ( his, him, them, her, her, her, theirs, them) a letter is added n:
with him, to her, at n his, for n her, behind them
