1. the adjective– this is a part of speech that denotes an attribute of an object and answers a question what? - Which? For example: beautiful – beautiful, interesting - interesting, warm – warm etc. Adjectives in the English language, unlike the Russian language, do not change either by gender, or by number, or by case.
Examples: My cousin is a fine boy. - My cousin good boy.
Nina is a fine friend. – Nina good girlfriend.
They spend a few fine days at the seaside. - They spend several wonderful (good) days on the coast.
2. By meaning, adjectives are divided into quality And relative.
Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison and indicate characteristics that distinguish objects:
Relative adjectives do not have a degree of comparison and are not used with an adverb very – very. They mean:
3. There are adjectives simple, derivatives And complex.
TO simple adjectives These include adjectives that have neither prefixes nor suffixes: old - old, tall - tall, white – white etc.
TO derived adjectives These include adjectives that contain suffixes or prefixes or both at the same time: heav y- heavy, in different – indifferent, un comfort able- uncomfortable etc.
englishstyle.net
Difficult Suffixes of Nouns and Adjectives
General information on the use of suffixes of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs is given in Brief Overview of Grammar in the section Grammar. The rules of adding suffixes are described in Adding Suffixes in the section Writing.
The material below offers some recommendations for choosing among several similar suffixes. There are several noun suffixes and adjective suffixes that have the same (or almost the same) pronunciation but are spelled differently. The following suffixes are described in this material: ance, ancy, ence, ency; ant, ent; acy, sy; ary, ory, ery; able, ible; er, or, ar.
In most cases, only one variant of Russian translation is given for the words in the lists below. Use the dictionary to understand their meanings better.
Suffixes ANCE, ANCY, ENCE, ENCY
These suffixes are noun-forming suffixes. Nouns with these suffixes were derived from Latin verbs in which the letters A or E in the suffix meant different types of verb conjugation. There are no verb conjugations in English, and choosing between the suffixes ANCE or ENCE may present some difficulty even for native speakers of English.
There are many nouns with the suffixes ANCE, ENCE. Nouns with the suffixes ANCY, ENCY are less numerous. There are no rules that could help us to choose between ANCE and ENCE and between ANCY and ENCY. For easier memorization, arrange the words with these suffixes in two columns on a page and then look at the words attentively, say them aloud several times, and practice writing them.
Suffix ANCE
Suffix ANCY
Suffix ENCE
Suffix ENCY
Note: Two similar nouns
In a number of cases, there are two nouns formed with the help of ANCE, ANCY or ENCE, ENCY. For example: brilliance, brilliancy; instance, instance; relevance, relevance; dependence, dependence; emergence, emergency; equivalence, equivalency; inadvertence, inadvertency; lenience, leniency; residence, residency; valence, valency.
In some cases, there is no difference in meaning (lenience, leniency); in some other cases, there is a difference in meaning (emergence, emergency). Often, the variant with ANCE or ENCE in such pairs has more meanings and may include the meaning of the variant with ANCY or ENCY. Consult the dictionary in such cases.
Suffixes ANT, ENT
Here we have two helpful rules for choosing ANT or ENT.
If a noun has the suffix ANCE or ANCY, its derivative adjectives and nouns have the suffix ANT (if such derivative adjectives and nouns exist, of course). Compare these examples:
If a noun has the suffix ENCE or ENCY, its derivative adjectives and nouns have the suffix ENT (if such derivative adjectives and nouns exist, of course). Compare these examples:
Unfortunately, such pairs do not exist in all cases. Arrange words ending in ANT and ENT in two columns on one page; it will help you to memorize their spelling.
Nouns with ACY, SY
There are a lot of nouns with the suffix ACY (sometimes CY), but there aren’t many nouns ending in SY, and SY is not a suffix (mostly, it is the final letter S plus the suffix Y). The best way is to arrange these nouns in two groups for comparison and to memorize the nouns with SY first.
ACY (CY) in nouns
prophecy (prophesy [‘profisai] is a verb)
SY in nouns
Suffixes ARY, ORY, ERY
The suffixes ARY and ORY function as noun-forming and adjective-forming suffixes, while the suffix ERY is found in nouns.
Suffix ARY
Suffix ORY
Suffix ERY
Suffixes ABLE, IBLE
The suffixes ABLE and IBLE form adjectives. These suffixes present a big problem for language learners. General guidelines for choosing between ABLE and IBLE are given below. (Quite a few exceptions exist.) In some cases these guidelines don’t help, and the best way is to memorize the spelling of these words by arranging them in two columns for comparison. There are more adjectives with ABLE than with IBLE.
ATION in nouns, ABLE in adjectives
If there is a noun with the suffix ATION derived from the same root, the suffix ABLE is generally used in the adjective.
BUT: sensation – sensible
ION in nouns, IBLE in adjectives
If there is a noun with the suffix ION derived from the same root, the suffix IBLE is generally used in the adjective.
collection – collectable, collectible
connection – connectible, connectable
ABLE after complete root words
If the root is a complete word, the suffix ABLE is usually added to the root. If the word ends in the mute letter E, the letter E is dropped before adding ABLE.
detect – detectable, detectable
Note: In the case of words ending in CE [s] and GE [j], the final mute letter E is not dropped before adding ABLE.
Words ending in DGE [j] generally follow the same rule. For example: knowledge – knowledgeable; abridge – abridgable, abridgeable; lodge – lodgeable.
IBLE after complete root words
Some complete words add the suffix IBLE to the root. The final mute letter E is dropped before adding IBLE.
resist – resistible – irresistible
Note: Some roots ending in CE [s] and G/GE [j] add the suffix IBLE. The final mute letter E is dropped before adding IBLE.
Root is not a complete word: mostly IBLE
If the root is not a complete word, mostly IBLE is added to the root. For example, compare “creditable” and “credible”: Both adjectives are formed from “credit”, but ABLE is added to the complete word “credit”, and IBLE is added to the Latin root “cred” which is not a complete word .
ABLE after I
Only ABLE can be used after the letter I.
ABLE after syllable-forming Y
Only ABLE can be added to the word that ends in syllable-forming Y. The letter Y is changed to I before adding ABLE.
BUT: dry – dryable
ABLE after Y that does not form a syllable
Only ABLE is added to Y that does not form a syllable (i.e., Y stands after another vowel). In this case, Y is not changed to I before adding ABLE.
Suffixes ER, OR, AR
The suffixes ER and OR are noun-forming suffixes and generally indicate someone who does something (i.e., the doer). In many cases, words with these suffixes are names of professions, jobs, occupations, but other meanings are also quite possible, for example, “northerner, villager”. The suffix AR can function as a noun suffix and as an adjective suffix.
Not all ER, OR, AR at the end of nouns are suffixes. In some words they are final parts of words and denote process, state, result, property or quality; in some other words they do not have any particular meaning. For example: border, corner, dinner, finger, hunger; brother, father, mother, sister; error, horror, terror; caviar, dollar, sugar. Such words are also included in the lists below for the purpose of studying their spelling.
Also, the combination ER is found at the end of some verbs and has the meaning connected with frequency of action: to flatter, flicker, flutter, scatter, shiver, shudder, spatter.
There are no rules that could help us to choose among final ER, OR, AR in nouns. The best way to master their spelling is to practice writing and using them. Nouns ending in ER are more numerous than nouns ending in OR or AR. There are a lot of very common words ending in ER, OR, AR. For example:
ER in nouns
OR in nouns
AR in nouns
AR in adjectives
Note: The adjective suffix ER is used in the pair ER – EST to form the degrees of comparison of adjectives. For example: near – nearer (comparative degree) – the nearest (superlative degree).
Spelling notes: BrE and AmE
Note 1: RE and ER
The words “center, theater” and other similar words end in ER (center, theater) in American English. Compare:
BrE center – AmE center
Note 2: OUR and OR
The suffix OUR (colour, humour) has become OR (color, humor) in American English, so there are two variants of spelling for such words.
BrE color – AmE color
(A large collection of nouns and adjectives with suffixes for practicing spelling is provided in List of Nouns with Suffixes and List of Derivative Adjectives in the section Writing.)
Difficult suffixes of nouns and adjectives
General information on the use of suffixes on nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs is given in the Brief Overview of Grammar article in the Grammar section. The rules for adding suffixes are described in the Adding Suffixes article in the Writing section.
The material below gives some recommendations for choosing from several similar suffixes. There are several noun suffixes and adjective suffixes that have the same (or nearly the same) pronunciation but are spelled differently. The following suffixes are described in this material: ance, ancy, ence, ency; ant, ent; acy, sy; ary, ory, ery; able, ible; er, or, ar.
In most cases, only one Russian translation is given for the words in the lists below. Use a dictionary to better understand their meanings.
Suffixes ANCE, ANCY, ENCE, ENCY
These are suffixes that form nouns. Nouns with these suffixes were formed from Latin verbs, in which the letters A or E in the suffix indicated different types of verb conjugation. There are no verb conjugations in English, and choosing between the ANCE and ENCE suffixes can be difficult even for native English speakers.
There are many nouns with the suffixes ANCE, ENCE. Nouns with the suffixes ANCY, ENCY are less numerous. There are no rules that could help us choose between ANCE and ENCE and between ANCY and ENCY. To make it easier to memorize, arrange the words with these suffixes in two columns on one page and then look at the words carefully, say them out loud several times and practice writing them.
Suffix ANCE
maintenance – maintaining, preserving
significance – meaning, importance
Suffix ANCY
discrepancy – inconsistency, difference
occupancy – occupation, possession
vacancy – emptiness, vacancy
Suffix ENCE
occurrence – case, phenomenon
Suffix ENCY
currency – money circulation
emergency - critical situation
fluency - fluency (of speech)
In some cases, there are two nouns formed using the suffixes ANCE, ANCY or ENCE, ENCY. For example: brilliance, brilliancy; instance, instance; relevance, relevance; dependence, dependence; emergence, emergency; equivalence, equivalency; inadvertence, inadvertency; lenience, leniency; residence, residency; valence, valency.
In some cases there is no difference in meaning (lenience, leniency - gentleness, condescension); in some other cases there is a difference in meaning (emergence, emergency). Often, the option suffixed ANCE or ENCE in such pairs has more meaning and may include the meaning of the option suffixed ANCY or ENCY. Check the dictionary in such cases.
Suffixes ANT, ENT
Here we have two useful rules for choosing ANT or ENT.
If a noun has the suffix ANCE or ANCY, then its derived adjectives and nouns have the suffix ANT (if such derived adjectives and nouns exist, of course). Compare these examples:
help - assistant, assistant
presence – accompanying person
example, case - moment; instantaneous
relevance - relevant
importance - important, significant
tolerance - tolerant
residence - resident, inhabitant
occupation – occupant, tenant
If a noun has the suffix ENCE or ENCY, then its derived adjectives and nouns have the suffix ENT (if such derived adjectives and nouns exist, of course). Compare these examples:
intellect, mind - smart
place of residence - resident
money circulation - flow; current
fluency - fluent (about speech)
Unfortunately, such pairs do not exist in all cases. Arrange words ending in ANT and ENT in two columns on the page; this will help you remember how to spell them.
Nouns with ACY, SY
There are a lot of nouns with the suffix ACY (sometimes CY), but not many nouns that end in SY, and SY is not a suffix (it's basically a final S plus a Y suffix). The best way is to place these nouns in two groups for comparison and memorize the SY nouns first.
ACY (CY) in nouns
prophecy – prophecy (prophesy [‘profisai] – verb)
SY in nouns
controversy - dispute, disagreement
jealousy – jealousy, envy
Suffixes ARY, ORY, ERY
The suffixes ARY and ORY work as suffixes for nouns and adjectives, while the suffix ERY occurs in nouns.
Suffix ARY
momentary - instant, very short
salary - salary, salary
Suffix ORY
directory – index, directory
oratory - oratory art
Suffix ERY
machinery - machines, equipment
millinery - ladies' hats
nursery - children's room
stationery – writing paper
Suffixes ABLE, IBLE
The suffixes ABLE and IBLE form adjectives. These suffixes pose a big challenge for language learners. General guidelines for choosing between the ABLE and IBLE suffixes are given below. (There are quite a few exceptions.) In some cases, these guidelines do not help, and the best way is to remember the spelling of these words, placing them in two columns for comparison. There are more adjectives with the ABLE suffix than with the IBLE suffix.
ATION in nouns, ABLE in adjectives
If there is a noun with the suffix ATION derived from the same root, usually the suffix ABLE is used on the adjective.
admiration - worthy of admiration
assessment, understanding – tangible
consideration – significant, large
But: sensation – sensible (sensation – reasonable)
ION in nouns, IBLE in adjectives
If there is a noun with the suffix ION derived from the same root, usually the suffix IBLE is used on the adjective.
vision, vision - visible
collection – collected, collectible
ABLE after the root as a full word
If the root is a complete word, the suffix ABLE is usually added to the root. If a word ends in a silent E, the E is dropped before adding ABLE.
honor, merit – commendable, honorable
discoverable - discoverable
benefit, profit - profitable
respect; respect - venerable, respected
view; look – visible, visible
assess – subject to taxation
distribute, hand out – unimportant
have - available
use - suitable for use
Note: In the case of words ending in CE [s] and GE [j], the final silent E is not dropped before adding ABLE.
service - fit for use
Words ending in DGE[j] basically follow the same rule. For example: knowledge – knowledgeable; abridge – abridgable, abridgeable; lodge – lodgeable.
IBLE after the root as a full word
Some full words add the suffix IBLE to the root. The final silent E is discarded before adding IBLE.
let go - capable of being let go
bend, bend - flexible
answer, response - responsible
resist – resistible – irresistible
transform - reversible; convertible car
Note: Some roots ending in CE [s] and G/GE [j] add the suffix IBLE. The final silent E is discarded before adding IBLE.
persuade - persuadable
The root is not a full word: basically IBLE
If the root is not a full word, basically IBLE is added to the root. For example, compare "creditable" and "credible": Both adjectives are derived from "credit", but ABLE is added to the full word "credit", and IBLE is added to the Latin root "cred", which is not a full word.
auditory, sound - audible
faith, trust – trustworthy
horror - terrible, terrible
neglect – small, insignificant
horror - terrible, terrible
ABLE after I
Only ABLE can be used after the letter I.
appreciable – tangible, significant
ABLE after syllabic Y
Only ABLE can be added to a word that ends in a syllabic Y. The letter Y changes to I before adding ABLE.
classify – classifiable
deny – disputable, controversial
pity - worthy of pity
rely (on) – reliable
test – capable of being tested
But: dry – dryable (dryable)
ABLE after Y not forming a syllable
Only ABLE is added to a Y that does not form a syllable (i.e. the Y comes after another vowel). In this case, Y does not change to I before adding ABLE.
enjoy – giving pleasure
pay – payable
play – fit for play
Suffixes ER, OR, AR
The suffixes ER and OR form nouns and usually indicate someone who does something (i.e. the doer). In many cases, words with these suffixes are the names of professions, positions, occupations, but other meanings are also quite possible, for example, northerner (northerner), villager (village resident). The AR suffix can work as a noun suffix and as an adjective suffix.
Not all ER, OR, AR at the end of nouns are suffixes. In some words they are the final parts of words and denote a process, state, result, property, quality; in some other words they do not have a specific meaning. For example: border, corner, dinner, finger, hunger; brother, father, mother, sister; error, horror, terror; caviar, dollar, sugar. Such words are also included in the lists below for the purpose of learning their spelling.
Also, the combination ER occurs at the end of some verbs and has a meaning related to the frequency of the action: to flatter, flicker, flutter, scatter, shiver, shudder, spatter.
There are no rules that could help us choose between the final ER, OR, AR. The best way to master their spelling is to practice writing and using them. Nouns ending in ER are more numerous than nouns ending in OR or AR. There are many very common words ending in ER, OR, AR. For example:
ER in nouns
adviser, advisor - adviser, consultant
baby-sitter - babysitter
baker – baker, baker
brother, sister - brother, sister
customer – client, buyer
dancer - dancer, dancer
drawer - drawer
dryer, drier - dryer
explorer – explorer (of an area)
father, mother – father, mother
interpreter – translator (oral)
lawyer - lawyer, lawyer
painter - artist, painter
prisoner – prisoner, captive
reader - reader, reader
retailer - retailer
robber - robber, robber
singer - singer, singer
speaker – speaker, announcer
trainer - instructor, coach
viewer – viewer, observer
worker – worker, worker
OR in nouns
distributor – distributor; wholesaler
governor - ruler, governor
indicator – pointer, indicator
investor - investor, investor
janitor - watchman, cleaner
spectator - viewer, observer
survivor - survivor
tutor - mentor, teacher
AR in nouns
burglar – burglar (of apartments)
caviar – sturgeon caviar
AR in adjectives
particular – special, separate
peculiar – peculiar, special
polar – polar, polar
Note: The adjective suffix ER is used in the pair ER – EST to form degrees of comparison of adjectives. For example: close - closer (comparative degree) - closest (superlative degree).
Spelling Notes: BrE and AmE
Note 1: RE and ER
The words "centre, theater" and other similar words end in ER (center, theater) in American English. Compare:
BrE center – AmE center – center
caliber – caliber – caliber
fiber – fiber – fiber
liter – liter – liter
meter – meter – meter
manoeuvre - maneuver - maneuver
theater – theater – theater
Note 2: OUR and OR
The suffix OUR (colour, humour) became OR (color, humor) in American English, so there are two spellings for such words.
BrE color – AmE color – color
behavior – behavior – behavior
favor – favor – favor; courtesy
flavor - flavor - taste
honor – honor – honor
humor – humor – humor
labor – labor – labor
neighbor – neighbor – neighbor
rumour – rumor – rumor, rumors
saviour – savior – savior
tumor – tumor – tumor
vapour – vapor – steam.
(See British and American Spelling in the Writing section.)
(A large selection of nouns and adjectives with suffixes for writing practice is given in the materials List of Nouns with Suffixes and List of Derivative Adjectives in the Writing section.)
Difficult cases of similar suffixes of nouns and adjectives.
Difficult cases of similar suffixes of nouns and adjectives.
usefulenglish.ru
Adjectives Adjectives in English
Adjective(Adjective) is an independent part of speech that indicates a characteristic of a person, object or concept and answers the question “ Which?" In English they do not have the categories of gender and number, so they do not change their form. Adjectives are most often used with nouns and in sentences they act as a modifier or a nominal part of a compound predicate.
Types of adjectives by education
Adjectives The English language according to its form is divided into simple, derivatives And complex.
Simple adjectives (simple adjectives) consist of a single root without suffixes or prefixes.
Derivative adjectives (derivative adjectives) consist of a root with the addition of certain suffixes and prefixes. These adjectives are formed from other parts of speech, mainly verbs.
Compound adjectives (compound adjectives) formed by the fusion of two or more bases. Such adjectives are written with a hyphen.
Types of adjectives by meaning
According to the rules of the English language adjectives according to their meaning and functions they are divided into quality or descriptive adjectives, quantitative adjectives, possessive adjectives, index fingers And interrogative adjectives.
Qualitative adjectives
Quality or descriptive adjectives (descriptive adjectives or adjectives of quality) indicate a certain quality, characteristic of a living object, object, concept or action. This is the largest group of adjectives. For convenience, they are divided into quality And relative adjectives.
Qualitative adjectives express direct attributes of an object: condition, properties, color, shape, size, taste, weight. Qualitative adjectives form forms of degrees of comparison.
Relative adjectives indicate the material, nationality, relationship to place, time, area of knowledge, interpersonal connections and more. Usually, relative adjectives do not form degrees of comparison.
Quantitative adjectives
Quantitative adjectives (quantitative adjectives or numeral adjectives) indicate the number of objects or concepts, their approximate or exact number. They are divided into certain, uncertain And dividing quantitative adjectives.
Definite Quantitative Adjectives (definite numeral adjectives) indicate the exact number of objects and concepts, or their order. They fully correspond to numerals.
Indefinite quantitative adjectives (indefinite numeral adjectives) indicate an indefinite or approximate number of objects without naming it.
Disjunctive quantitative adjectives (distributive numeral adjectives) – adjectives that indicate one object or concept from their total number. They are mainly used with nouns singular.
Many and much
Adjectives many And much have the same meaning " a lot of" However many is used only with countable nouns, and much- with uncountables. They can be replaced by generic expressions a lot of (lots of) or plenty of(many, full, in abundance).
- There are many ways to solve this problem. – There are many ways to solve this problem.
- I have many cats at home. – I have a lot of cats at home.
- I always put much sugar in my tea. I have a sweet tooth. – I always put a lot of sugar in my tea. I have a sweet tooth.
- There wasn’t much rain yesterday, so we could play rugby. – Yesterday the rain was light, so we were able to play rugby.
- There are a lot of places you can visit in Paris. – There are many places to visit in Paris.
- I like spaghetti with plenty of tomato sauce. – I like spaghetti with a lot of tomato sauce.
- Every student of this university has to hand in his paper until the end of this year. – Each of the students at this university must submit their work by the end of this year.
- Every day I go to the gym. – Every day I go to the gym.
- My mother calls me every ten minutes. – My mother calls me every ten minutes.
- In this family each one takes turn throwing garbage. – In this family, everyone takes turns throwing out the trash.
- These books are worth $100 each. – These books cost 100 dollars each.
- Each of the students in this group have to hand in their papers until the end of this year. – Each of the students in this group must submit their work by the end of this year.
- Each of them has to apply for this job. “Each of them should apply for this job.”
- We have only a few eggs left. We should buy more. - We only have a few eggs left. We must buy more.
- She had only a few potatoes. It wasn’t enough for a proper meal. “She had very few potatoes.” This was not enough for a full meal.
- Don’t worry, we still have a few minutes. “Don’t worry, we still have a few minutes.”
- I have a few cookies, i will give you some. – I have some cookies, I’ll give you a few.
- There is little flour in this box. It's not enough for a cake. - There is not enough flour in this box. That's not enough for the pie.
- He had little patience to complete this task. “He had little patience to complete this task.”
- I have a little coffee. I don't need more. – I have some coffee. I don't need more.
- I need a little time to do it. Wait a bit. – I need a little time to do this. Wait please.
- This dog is aggressive. It's better to keep away from it. – This dog is aggressive. It's better to stay away from her.
- I like those flowers. Would you buy some for me? – I like those flowers. Will you buy some for me?
- My car is broken so I will take my mother’s one. - My car is broken, so I'll take my mom's car.
- His dog broke his house. – His dog broke his house.
- Which house on this street is yours? – Which house on this street is yours?
- What music do you listen to? - What kind of music do you listen to?
- north, northern – northern
- countless - countless, countless
- south, southern – southern
- occasional – random, rare, periodic
- east, eastern – eastern
- lone – lonely, withdrawn, unmarried
- west, western – western
- eventful - full of events
- outdoor - outdoor
- indoor – happening indoors
- My aunt lives in the southern district. – My aunt lives in the southern region.
- I prefer outdoor games. – I prefer playing outdoors.
- annoy ed – irritated
- finish ed – finished
- thrilled - excited, delighted
- bor ed – bored
- pleas ed - satisfied
- ill – sick
- shown - shown
- glad – satisfied, joyful
- I think I'm ill. - I think I'm sick.
- I'm really glad to meet you again. – I'm really glad to meet you again.
- Our project isn't finished. We have to hurry up! – Our project is not finished. We must hurry.
- I have booked the first available flight. – I booked the first available flight.
- I have booked the first flight available. – I booked the first available flight.
- Yesterday I met someone beautiful. – Yesterday I met a handsome man.
- Anna is trying to cook something tasty. – Anna is trying to cook something tasty.
- I need a red wooden pencil. – I need a red wooden pencil.
- Lauren bought a beautiful black silk dress. Lauren bought a beautiful black silk dress.
Every and each
Every And each have the same meaning, so in most cases they replace each other. However, they also have differences in use.
Every used to indicate one item from a large number of other similar items. After every the plural form of the verb is never used. Every also used to indicate intervals of time or frequency of action. Every cannot be used alone.
Each indicates one item from two items or from a small number of other items. Each can be used alone at the end of a sentence. It may be followed by a pronoun one(one) to avoid repetition. Each not used to indicate time intervals.
Expression each of(each of) can indicate many objects, after it a verb in a singular form should be used, but in colloquial speech a plural form is also allowed. Each of also used with pronouns you, us And them, followed by a singular verb.
Few or a few. Little or a little
There is a difference between adjectives few / a few(somewhat, a little) and little / a little(little, a little).
Few And a few are used only with countable nouns. Few has the meaning " very little», « not enough».
A few means " A little», « some», « few, But enough».
Little And a little used for uncountable nouns. Little has the meaning " very little», « not enough».
A little means " A little», « some», « few, But enough».
Demonstrative adjectives
Demonstrative adjectives (demonstrative adjectives) are demonstrative pronouns that are used not independently, but in pairs with a noun. In a sentence they are used as a modifier of nouns.
Possessive adjectives
Possessive adjectives(possessive adjectives) fully correspond to possessive pronouns. They are always used with a noun.
Interrogative adjectives
Interrogative adjectives(interrogative adjectives) correspond to question words which And what, when they come immediately before nouns.
Order of adjectives in a sentence
There is a special sequence in English adjectives in a sentence, which native speakers strictly adhere to.
Exist adjectives, which can only be used before a noun.
Some adjectives are not placed before a noun. These include many common adjectives with the suffix -ed.
Adjectives ending in suffixes -able, -ible can come before or after nouns.
Adjectives are always placed after indefinite pronouns and never before them.
In most cases it is used no more than three adjectives together. The adjective that is more closely related in meaning to the noun being defined is placed before it. Speaker Rating comes before other adjectives.
When adjectives more than three are used in a sentence, they are placed in in a certain order:
- 1. article, quantity – article, numeral, quantitative adjective (a, one.)
- 2. value, opinion – assessment, opinion (fancy, beautiful, difficult, horrible.)
- 3. size – size (little, large, enormous.)
- 4. quality, temperature – quality, condition, characteristic, temperature (well-tailored, cold, hot.)
- 5. age – age (new, old, young, ancient.)
- 6. shape – shape (flat, square, round, rectangular.)
- 7. color – color (green, blue, pink, gray.)
- 8. origin – origin (American, European, lunar.)
- 9. material – material (metal, wooden, paper.)
- 10. purpose – purpose, purpose (often with -ing: sleeping bag, cutting machine, table cloth.)
- 11. noun – noun
- Randy Gage 7 Spiritual Laws of Prosperity "Seven Spiritual Laws of Your Prosperity" Foreword by Lisa Jimenez. Introduction. Does God really exist? I would like to give a special thanks to Ford, Alicia and Cindy from Prime Concepts Group who helped bring this project to fruition so quickly and […]
- Research journal The role of tax on profit of organizations in the formation of budget revenues Tyupakova Nina Nikolaevna, Litovkina Alena V. 1. Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of the Department of Finance of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilina 2, 2nd year master, […]
- Medical insurance for a Schengen visa: prices and features of insurance for tourists If you decide to travel to one of the European countries, you will need medical insurance for a Schengen visa for your trip. An insurance policy is included in the mandatory list of documents for obtaining Schengen. Honey. insurance for […]
- 5 rules for using auxiliary verbs in English Despite the fact that auxiliary verbs in English do not have their own meaning, they play a very important role. In combination with semantic (main) verbs, auxiliary verbs form almost all verb tenses […]
- The passive voice is indirect speech The Passive Voice (The Passive Voice) Direct and Indirect Speech 1. When converting direct speech into indirect speech, the message of direct speech becomes an additional contractual clause, which is introduced by the conjunction that. In colloquial speech, the conjunction that […]
- Investigative Committee in the Kostroma Region The evidence collected by the investigative bodies of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation in the Kostroma Region was recognized by the court as sufficient to sentence 16-year-old and 17-year-old residents of the Vokhomsky district, who were found guilty of three […]
In English there are many word beginnings (prefixes) and word endings (suffixes) that can be added to a word to change its meaning or its word class. The most common ones are shown here, with examples of how they are used in the process of word formation. Many more are listed in the dictionary.
Verb formation
The endings -ize and -ify can be added to many nouns and adjectives to form verbs, like this:
Adjective/ noun + -ize, -ify = verb
ADJECTIVE |
VERB |
|
size |
Ex. They want to make the factory more modern. They want to modernsize the factory.
His behavior was stupid. He behaved stupidly .
Noun formation
The endings -er,-ment,-ation can be added to many verbs to form nouns.
verb+ -er,-ment,–ation = noun
VERB |
- er, ment,ation |
NOUN |
|
- er | |||
John drives a bus. He is a bus driver .
Children develop very quickly. Their development is very quick.
The doctor examined me carefully. He gave me a careful examination .
The endings -ity and -ness can be added to many adjectives to form nouns, like this:
Adjective + -ity, -ness = noun
ADJECTIVE |
-ity,-ness |
NOUN |
Don't be so cruel.
I hate cruelty .
It was very dark. The darkness made it impossible to see.
Adjective formation
The endings -y, -ic, -ical, -ful, -less can be added to many nouns to form adjectives.
Noun + - y, - ic, - ical, - ful, - less = adjective
This book contains exercises on grammar. It contains grammarical exercises
His broken leg caused him a lot of pain. It was very painful .
The operation didn't cause her any pain. It was painless .
NOUN |
-y, -ic, -ical, |
ADJECTIVE |
||
- ic, - ical | ||||
The ending - able can be added to many verbs to form adjectives.
Verb + - able = adjective
VERB |
ADJECTIVE |
|
w
You can wash this coat. It's washable
. |
Prepositions and the rules concerning their usage can be confusing to learners of English as a second language. Basically, prepositions are connecting words that join objects to other parts of sentences. Preposition choice is determined by the noun, verb, adjective or particle which precedes it. Learn noun, verb and adjective preposition combinations in English.
Noun + Preposition Combinations
English has many examples of nouns coming after prepositions…
Adjective + Preposition Combinations
English also has many instances of prepositions coming after adjectives. In many cases, the prepositions precede phrases containing nouns, as in example (a), or pronouns, as in example (b). It is also possible for the prepositions to precede an -ing verb, as in (c).
(a) I was amazed at all the improvements.
(b) We were all shocked by his behavior.
(c) Because the exam was more difficult than I expected, I’m worried about passing.
Here are some more adjectives and prepositions that are used together:
Verb + Preposition Combinations
Many English prepositions also follow verbs. Sometimes they introduce a phrase that contains a noun, as in example (a). They can also introduce a noun, as in example (b), or an -ing verb, as in example (c).
(a) I don’t know how long we can depend on his generosity. He has already done so much for us.
(b) Many of the town's residents relied on neighbors for help during the flood.
(c)She believes in helping people who are less fortunate than her.
Here are some other verbs and prepositions that are used together:
Adjectives and adverbs are perhaps the most relaxing section of English grammar. Just nothing: degrees of comparison and order of adjectives, and there’s no need to talk about adverbs at all. After all, the main difficulty with them is their formation from adjectives. But it can also be easily overcome: add -ly to the adjective and you have an adverb!
But it was not there. Firstly, There are words that sound the same as an adjective and as an adverb, that is, you don’t need to add -ly to them. Secondly, There are some adverbs that have 2 forms: one is the same as the original adjective, and the second is c -ly. However, both of these forms differ in meaning.
But there are few such adverbs, so remembering them, as a rule, is not difficult. So, adjectives that do not need to be changed in any way to make an adverb from them (the asterisk indicates those adjectives to which you can add -ly, but the resulting adverb will sound more formal than without - ly). By the way, you may notice that in most cases you used these adverbs with -ly:
- Best- best/better
- Better- better (adjective), better (adverb)
- Big- big, much
- Cheap*- dear, dear
- Clean*- clean, pure
- Clear*- clear/clear
- Close* - close, close
- Cold- cold, cold
- Daily- daily, every day. (In general, all adjectives ending in -ly, have the same adverb form. After all, the second -ly you can't add more!)
- Dead- dead, tightly
- Dear* - dear, expensive
- Deep- deep, deeply
- Direct- straight, straight
- Dirty- dirty, dirty
- Early- early, early
- Easy- light, easy
- Extra- additional, additionally
- Far- distant, far away
- Fast- fast, quickly
- Fine*- good, good
- Free- free, freely
- Further- further, in the future
- Hard- heavy, hard
- High- tall, high
- Hourly- hourly, hourly
- Inside- internal, inside
- Kindly- good-natured, good-natured
- Last- last, later than everyone else
- Late- late, late
- Long- long, longest
- Loud* - loud, loud
- Low- low, low
- Monthly- monthly, monthly
- Past- past, in the past
- Quick*- fast, quickly
- Quiet*- quiet, quiet
- Right- correct, correct
- Slow* - slow, slowly
- Straight- straight, straight
- Sure- confident, confident
- Thin*- thin, subtle
- Thick- thick, thick
- Tight- tight, tight
- Weekly- weekly, weekly
- Well- good, good
- Wide- wide, widely
- Wrong- wrong, wrong
- Yearly- annual, annually
And now about adverbs with two forms (with the suffix -ly and without it) and with differences in meaning:
Table. English adverbs starting with -ly
WITHOUT -LY | WITH -LY |
---|---|
Deep- deep | Deeply= greatly |
Direct- directly | Directly- immediately, immediately |
Easy= slowly | Easily= easy |
Free- for free | Freely- free |
Full- exactly, very much | Fully- fully |
Hard- hard | Hardly- hardly |
High- high | Highly- very, very |
Last- after all | Lastly- in the end |
Late- late | Lately- recently |
Near- close | Nearly- almost |
Pretty- enough, practically, enough | Prettily- Beautiful |
Short- suddenly, suddenly | Shortly- soon, soon |
Sure- exactly, obviously | Surely- confident |
Wide- fully | Widely- widely |
Wrong- wrong | Wrongly- not fair |
As a bonus, we offer you 15 English adverbs that everyone should know!