Population density is the average number of inhabitants per square kilometer of territory. This value is necessary to find the amount of resources required for a certain territory, or to compare territories. To calculate this value, you need to find the total area of the territory and the population in this territory, and then substitute the collected data into the formula to determine population density: population density = population / area.
Steps
Part 1
Data collection- Most likely, the area of the territory you need is already known. Look up the exact value in census data, in an encyclopedia, or on the Internet.
- Find out whether the territory you are interested in has established boundaries. If not, then you need to define them yourself. For example, the area of suburbs may not be reported in census data, so be sure to include such area.
-
Find out the population. You need to find the latest population data for the area of interest. Start by searching online; for example, enter “Moscow population” in a search engine. If you are looking for the population of a specific country, then open note this site.
Convert units of measurement. If you are comparing two territories, then their areas should be given in the same units of measurement. For example, if the area of one territory is indicated in square kilometers, and the area of another territory is indicated in square meters, then it is necessary to convert the area of one of the territories into square meters or square kilometers.
- On this site you will find an online converter of various units of measurement.
Part 2
Population density calculation-
Remember the formula. To calculate population density, you need to divide the population by the area of the territory. Thus, population density = population / land area.
- Typically, area is measured in square kilometers. Use square meters if you are considering a very small area. The vast majority of scientific or professional articles use square kilometers exclusively as units of measurement.
- The unit of measurement for population density is the number of people per unit area. For example, 2000 people per square kilometer.
-
Plug the collected data into the formula. The required data is population and area. Let's look at an example. City N has a population of 145,000 people, and the area of this city is 9 square kilometers. Write it like this: 145000/9.
Divide the population by the area of the territory. Use a calculator or divide two numbers into a column. In the example we are considering: 145,000/9 = 16,111 people per square kilometer.
Part 3
Working with population density values-
Compare population density. Select areas of interest and compare their population densities to draw some conclusions about those areas. For example, if 60,000 people live in city M, and the area of this city is 8 square kilometers, then the population density will be 7,500 people per square kilometer. That is, the population density of city N is higher than the population density of city M. Now let's look at how these indicators can be used.
- If you calculate the population density of a relatively large area, such as the population density of a city, the value you find will not allow you to understand the differences between urban areas. Therefore, it is better to find the population density of each urban area.
Find out the area of the territory. Think about the area in which you want to find out the population density and determine the boundaries of this area. Perhaps you need to find the population density of a specific country, region, or city. You need to find the area of this territory, measured in square kilometers (in rare cases - in square meters).
Introduction 3
1. Analysis of the architectural and planning situation 4
1.1 Type of territory development 4
1.2 Area and density of buildings 4
1.3 Calculation of the number of residential buildings 5
1.4 Landscape architecture objects 8
1.5 Insolation regime of territory 9
2. State of landscaping. Inventory of plantings. Improvement project 11
Conclusion 17
References 18
Appendix 19
Introduction
A clean, landscaped yard with a good road and a modern playground plays an important role in creating a comfortable living environment. After all, this is where your beloved home begins - with a yard in which you can relax, walk with your children and play sports.
In all developed cities of the world, the improvement of public natural and recreational areas and courtyard spaces of multi-apartment residential buildings is the subject of special attention from official authorities at all levels, social movements, the media and the general population. This process is inextricably linked with urban planning and is a kind of mirror reflecting the level of social and economic well-being in the country, which is why many world capitals strive to constantly improve the living conditions of their citizens.
1. Analysis of the architectural and planning situation
Type of territory development
The site is located at st. Red 23, 24, 25, 26 is characterized by a perimeter type of development. The buildings are located along the perimeter of the green area, surrounding it from the south, east and west (Figure 1). On the north and south sides, the site is limited by outbuildings (baths, wood sheds, garages). This type of development creates a closed space. One of the disadvantages of such a territory is the unfavorable insolation regime. The landscaped area is surrounded by four three-story brick residential buildings.
Building area and density
Methodological justification. In this section of the explanatory note it is necessary to indicate the area of the building as a whole and separately the area of each building. The construction area includes the area of all residential and non-residential buildings and structures. The percentage of the development area from the area of the entire design area (the entire facility) is an indicator of the development density. The area of buildings and structures is indicated in accordance with their postal address.
Goal of the work: determine the building area and building density in the designed area.
Work progress:
1. mark on the topoplan (M 1:10) the boundaries of the designed territory and determine its area (S design territory, m 2);
2. find all buildings and structures on the topoplan. Determine their purpose;
3. determine the area of each building and structure (m2) and enter it into the table in accordance with the postal address;
4. summing up the areas of buildings and structures, determine the building area (S built, m 2);
5. find the percentage of the building area from the area of the entire designed territory, i.e. determine the building density.
Calculation of the population of residential buildings
Methodological justification. When designing urban architectural objects, information is needed on the number of residents, on the number of residents of different ages. This information is taken into account when selecting improvement objects and establishing their sizes; on the basis of this information, zoning of territories is carried out. Information about the standards and requirements of various improvement facilities, depending on the number of residents and age composition, are reflected in special regulatory documents: SNiP 2.07.01-89 “Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements"; SP 30-102-99 “Planning and development of low-rise housing construction areas.”
Goal of the work: become familiar with methods for calculating the number and age composition of the population in an urban area. Work progress:
1 part. Calculation of population.
When calculating the population, 2 methods can be used:
1. Calculation according to the social norm, m 2 /person Calculation of the population according to the social norm of 18 m2 per 1 resident:
– according to the plan, determine the area of the residential building, m2;
– determine the area of apartments in the building, taking into account its number of storeys:
S building* Σ floors = S sq. building, m 2 ;
S apt. building No. 23, m 2 = 705*3 = 2115m2 ;
S apt. building No. 24, m 2 = 705*3 = 2115m2 ;
S apt. building No. 25, m 2 = 900*3 = 2700m2 ;
S apt. building No. 26, m 2 = 900*3 = 2700m2 ;
- determine the number of inhabitants of this house:
S sq. building, m 2: 18 m 2 = Σ inhabitants;
Σ residents of house No. 23= 2115:18 = 118 people. ;
Σ residents of house No. 24= 2115:18 = 118 people. ;
Σ residents of house No. 25= 2700:18 = 150 people. ;
Σ residents of house No. 26= 2700:18 = 150 people. ;
2. Calculation based on the average number of people living in a conditional apartment.
Data on the population are determined depending on the series of the residential building and the number of apartments in it. On average, 3-4 people are hired for a nominal apartment.
The conditional number of inhabitants in one according to this method is determined by the formula:
Σ live = Σ fl. *Σ under. *Σ sq.fl. *Σ avg.q., where
Σ live No. 23= 3*3*3*4 = 108 people. ;
Σ live No. 24 = 3*3*3*4 = 108 people. ;
Σ live #25 = 3*3*4*4 = 144 people. ;
Σ live #26 = 3*3*4*4 = 144 people. ;
Σ live – number of inhabitants;
Σ fl. – number of storeys;
Σ under. – number of entrances in the house;
Σ sq.fl. – number of apartments on the floor;
Σ avg.q. − average number of residents in 1 apartment.
In this case, the number of residents according to the conditional social norm is assumed to be:
3 people for a one-room apartment;
4 people for a two-room apartment;
5 people for a three-room apartment.
part 2 . Calculation of the approximate age structure of the population.
There is a conditional calculation of people of different ages as a percentage of the total population:
– preschool children under 6 years of age (preschoolers attending kindergartens and nurseries) – 4%;
– children from 7 to 14 years old (schoolchildren in grades 1–8) – 11%;
– teenagers from 15 to 17 years old (high school students, students of secondary vocational education, technical schools, colleges) – 5%;
– pensioners (men over 60 years old and women over 55 years old) – 18%;
– working population (men from 18 to 60 years old, women from 18 to 55 years old) – 62%.
Total 100%.
Table 1
| Address of the residential building | Number of storeys | Building area, m2 | Area of apartments in the building, m2 | Number of residents in the house, people. | Age composition of residents, years. |
| House No. 23 | 108-118 | ||||
| Up to 6 years – 5 people. | |||||
| From 7 to 14 years – 12 people. | |||||
| From 15 to 17 years old – 6 people. | |||||
| pensioners – 20 people. | |||||
| Working population – 69 people. | |||||
| House No. 24 | 108-118 | Similar to house number 23 | |||
| House No. 25 | 144-150 | ||||
| Up to 6 years – 6 people. | |||||
| From 7 to 14 years – 16 people. | |||||
| From 15 to 17 years old – 7 people. | |||||
| pensioners – 27 people. | |||||
| Working population – 91 people. | |||||
| House No. 26 | 144-150 | Similar to house number 25 |
The most important tool for long-term forecasting of socio-economic social development is planning and analysis population growth. This indicator is most often used to calculate the size of its labor resources, including the volume of needs for them.
When analyzing the state demographic situation, two main indicators are used:
- Mechanical (migration) increase,
- Natural growth.
Shows the difference between the number of deaths and births of people over the period of time under consideration.
For maximum data accuracy, statistics are used in calculations, which make it possible to track the slightest changes. Special statistical bodies constantly monitor birth and death rates, which have a documentary basis.
Population growth formula
Population growth is determined summing up two indicators:
- The rate of natural increase, which is the difference between the birth rate and death rate for a certain period;
- An indicator of migration growth, reflecting the difference between the number of people arriving in a certain territory and the number of people leaving during the period under review.
Population growth is the difference between the current level of the demographic situation and the level of an earlier period.
The unit of account can be a period of time of a long-term (from 5 to 100 years) and short-term (from several days to 3 - 5 years) nature.
Formula for natural population growth
Natural increase is the difference between births and deaths of citizens. Moreover, if the birth rate is higher than the death rate, then we can talk about expanded population reproduction. If the mortality rate is higher than the birth rate, then there is a demographic decline and narrowed population reproduction.
There is an absolute and relative formula for natural population growth.
Formula for natural population growth in absolute terms can be determined by subtracting the end and beginning of the period from the reproduction volume.
This formula looks like this:
EP = P – C
Here EP is natural increase,
P – number of people born,
C – number of dead people.
Relative assessment of natural increase is carried out by calculating coefficients. In this case, the absolute value is the total number of inhabitants. The formula for natural population growth in relative terms is calculated as the difference between born and deceased citizens over a certain period (that is, the absolute value of natural growth). This difference is then divided by the total population.
Potn. = Pubs. / CHN
Potn here. – relative indicator of natural population growth,
Pubs. – absolute indicator of population growth, calculated as the difference between people born and deaths),
PN – population size.
Examples of problem solving
EXAMPLE 1
| Exercise | At the beginning of the year, there were 50,000 thousand people in the state. At the same time, during the year the birth rate was 1,000 thousand people, and the death rate was 800 thousand people. Determine the absolute and relative rate of population growth. |
| Solution | The formula for natural population growth (in absolute value) will be the difference between births and deaths of citizens per year: Pubs. = P – C Pubs. = 1,000 – 800 = 200 thousand people We calculate the relative population growth rate using the following formula: Potn. = Pubs. / CHN Potn. = 200 / 50,000 = 0.004 (that is, 0.4%) Conclusion. We see that the natural increase amounted to 200 thousand people or 0.4% of the total population. |
| Answer | Pubs. = 200 thousand people, P rel. = 0.4% |
Statistics help researchers evaluate the processes that occur in a system. Various factors can be grouped and compared with other similar categories. The population and processes occurring in the social sphere are studied quite thoroughly by statistics. After all, this reflects the existing demographic situation at the global level.
Average annual population is involved in many economic studies at the macro level. Therefore, this important category of data is constantly monitored and recalculated. The importance of the indicator, as well as the analysis methodology, are discussed in the article.
Population
To be able to determine the average annual population of a city, region or country, it is necessary to understand the essence of the subject of the study. The demographic situation can be viewed from different angles.
Population refers to the entire number of people who live within the boundaries of a certain territory. To analyze the demographic situation, this indicator is considered in the context of natural reproduction (fertility and mortality) and migration. They also examine the structure of the population (by age, gender, economic and social level, etc.). Demographic data also shows how the settlement of people across the territory has changed.
The population is studied by statistics using general and special methods. This allows us to draw full, in-depth conclusions about the development of demographic indicators.
Directions of analysis
The average annual population is estimated using different methods depending on the purpose of the analysis. The demographic picture that has developed over a certain period of time in a specific territory can be considered in the context of the dynamics of the total population.
To understand why certain changes occurred, it is necessary to evaluate the natural movement and migration of people. For this purpose, relevant data are taken into account in the analysis. In order to have a complete understanding of population grouping and the formation of the total number of people, they are classified according to certain criteria.
For example, the study shows how many women and men live in a certain territory, what age they are, how many people from the working population have qualifications and the highest level of education.
Calculation formula
To recount the population, various formulas are used. But sometimes the calculation is complicated by collecting data over several time intervals. If there is information at the beginning and end of the period, the average annual population (formula) has the following form:
CHNavg. = (CHNn.p. + CHNk.p.) / 2, where CHNav. - average population, CHnn.p. - population number at the beginning of the period, ChNk.p. - number at the end of the period.
If statistics were collected for each month of the study period, the formula would be:
CHNavg. = (0.5 CHN1 + CHN2 … CHNp-1 + 0.5 CHNp)(n-1), where CHN1, CHN2 … CHNp-1 is the number of the population at the beginning of the month, n is the number of months.
Data for analysis
The average annual population, the formula of which was presented above, takes a series of data for calculation. It is necessary to calculate the constant number of population living in this territory (PN). It includes the actual number of people who actually live in the study area (SR).
In addition to this indicator, to study the demographic state of the country, the category of the population temporarily residing here (TP) is taken into account. Temporarily absent people (TA) also take part in the count. Only this indicator is subtracted from the total amount. The permanent resident population formula looks like this:
PN = NN + VP - VO.
To distinguish between the VP and NN indicators, a time interval of 6 months is taken into account. If a group of people lives in the study area for more than six months, they are classified as the existing population, and for less than six months - as a temporary population.
Population census
The average annual resident population is calculated based on data. But this process requires a significant investment of time, effort and money. Therefore, it is not possible to conduct a census every month or even year.
Therefore, in the intervals between recalculating the number of people in a certain territory, a system of logical calculations is used. Collect statistics on births and deaths, migration movements. But over time, a certain error in the indicators accumulates.
Therefore, to correctly determine the average annual population, it is still necessary to conduct a periodic census.
Application of analysis data
Calculation of the average annual population is carried out for the purpose of further research of demographic processes. The result of the analysis is used in calculating mortality and fertility rates and natural reproduction. They are calculated for each age group.
Also, the average number is applicable when estimating the number of working-age and economically active population. In this case, they can consider the totality of people who left or arrived in the territory of a country or region through migration. This makes it possible to assess the potential of the entire workforce concentrated here.
Correct distribution of labor resources is the key to the economic development of the state. Therefore, the importance of counting the population cannot be overestimated.
Natural population movement
The average annual population, the calculation formula for which was discussed above, is involved in the assessment of various demographic indicators. One of them is the natural movement of the population. It is caused by the natural processes of fertility and mortality.
Over the course of a year, the average population increases by the number of newborn children and decreases by the number of deaths. This is the natural course of life. The coefficients of natural movement are found relative to the average population. If the birth rate exceeds the death rate, there is an increase (and vice versa).
Also, when conducting such an analysis, a breakdown of the population by age categories is performed. This determines which group had the highest mortality rate. This allows us to draw a conclusion about the standard of living in the study area and the social security of citizens.
Migration
The number of inhabitants can change not only due to natural processes. People leave to work or, conversely, come for the purpose of employment. If such migrants are present or absent from the study site for more than 6 months, this must be taken into account in the analysis.
Significant migration flows affect the economy. changes both with a decrease and an increase in the number of able-bodied residents.
The average annual population will help to find both the growth rate and the decrease in labor supply in the region. If too many emigrants enter the country, the unemployment rate will rise. A decrease in the number of working-age population leads to a budget deficit, reduction in pensions, salaries of doctors, teachers, etc. Therefore, the presented indicator is also extremely necessary to control the migration movement.
Economic activity
In addition to changes in the quantitative ratio of the entire population of a country or region, a structural analysis is necessarily carried out. Typically, there are three classes of population based on income level.
The average annual number allows us to estimate the purchasing power of residents and their standard of living. In developed countries, the majority of society is made up of people with average incomes. They can purchase necessary food products, things, periodically make large purchases, and travel.
In such states there is a small percentage of very rich and poor people. If the number of low-income residents increases significantly, a greater financial burden falls on the budget. At the same time, the overall standard of living decreases.
All groups of the economically active population are presented as the average annual population.
Probability tables
To determine the average annual population without a census, the method of constructing probability tables is used. The fact is that most demographic processes can be predicted in advance. This concerns the natural movement of the population.
The table is built on the basis of several statements. Natural movement is irreversible, because you cannot die and be born twice. You can only have your first child once. A certain sequence of events must be taken into account. For example, you cannot enter into a second marriage if the first has not been registered.
The population is divided into age groups. For each of them, the probability of the occurrence of one or another event is different. Next, the number of people included in each category is analyzed.
Over time, people with a certain degree of probability move into one group or another. This is how a forecast is made. For example, that category of the population that is of working age will become pensioners. Therefore, analysts are able to predict how many people will join the next group.
Planning
Planning at the macroeconomic level cannot be done without statistical data. The average annual active population is taken into account when studying living standards, purchasing power, and also when developing the country's main economic document (budget).
The amount of its income and expenses cannot be predicted without taking into account the number and structure of the country’s inhabitants. The more people work in the non-budgetary sector, the higher their income level, the more significant the injections into budget funds will be.
If analysts determine a drop in input flows in the future, it is necessary to develop measures to improve the situation. Each state has its own apparatus of levers for managing demographic resources. By creating new jobs, pursuing sound social policies, and raising the standard of living of the population, we can make the country prosperous.
Analysis and planning of the demographic situation is carried out with the mandatory use of average annual population indicators, as well as other structural coefficients. Therefore, the adequacy of the country’s budget planning depends on the correctness of data collection and study.
Having considered such a concept as population, one can understand the importance of this indicator for macroeconomic analysis and planning. Many forecasts for the future of a country, region or city are made after proper collection and processing of relevant information. This is a necessary step when creating a budget plan and many other important financial documents.
To calculate the total future population size, the labor balance method is used. The essence of the method is that the entire project population, depending on the relationship of work activity, is divided into 3 groups:
City-forming A
Attendant B
Non-amateur C
A certain numerical ratio is established between them. If the entire project population is taken as 100%, then the number of the city-forming group in % will be:
A = 100% - (B + C)(1.1);
There is a proportional relationship between these quantities:
N / A = 100% / 100% - (B + C)(1.2);
Based on this formula, we calculate the projected population size:
H = A * 100% / (100 – (B + C))(1.3);
A = A in + A F + A C + A px;
Where: A in – population engaged in viticulture and vegetable growing;
А Ж - population engaged in livestock farming;
A c is the population employed in construction;
A pkh - population employed in subsidiary farming;
A in = 31600/(22*9)=160 people;
A c = 43 people;
А Ж = 12000/(22*11)=50 people;
A ph = 200 people;
A = 160 + 43 + 50 + 200 = 453 people;
In social sector B, 27% are employed, 41% are unemployed.
Thus, the projected population size H will be:
H = 100% * 453 / (100 – (27 + 41)) = 1416 people;
The distribution of the population by age group in % is shown in Table 1.
Calculating the population using the labor balance method shows how much the population should be for the estimated period, taking into account the need for labor in production.
Table 1
Population calculation
|
Age group of the population |
Specific gravity, % |
Number of people |
|
|
40-60 years old women or 40-65 years old men | |||
|
Over 60 years of age for women or 65 years for men | |||
Calculation of the number of families.
The calculation of the number of families is carried out with the aim of using this value in determining the required number of apartments and houses that need to be built to provide a standard level of living for each family.
The design and construction of housing stock for the future depends on the number of families, which are determined on the basis of demographic data statistically on the family structure of the rural population of a given area, determined from the ratio:
∑ x =H * 100 / ∑(s*p)(1.4);
∑ x i = ∑ x / 100*р i (1.5);
Where: ∑ x – total number of families;
N - total estimated population;
с – number of members of one family;
p – the number of families of the corresponding numerical composition;
x i - the number of families of the i-th numerical composition;
р i - % of families of the i-th numerical composition.
All calculations for determining the number of families are shown in Table 2.
table 2
Calculation of the number of families
|
Number of families, C |
Ratio in %, P |
Number of families, X |
Standard area for 1 family, (m2) |
|||
|
Singles | ||||||
|
2 people | ||||||
|
3 persons | ||||||
|
4 people | ||||||
|
5 people | ||||||
|
Over 6 people | ||||||
