Complex sentences- These are sentences consisting of several simple ones.
The main means of connecting simple sentences into complex ones are intonation, conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating) and allied words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).
Depending on the means of communication, complex sentences are divided into allied And non-union. Union proposals are divided into compound And complex.
Compound Sentences (SSPs) are complex sentences in which simple sentences are linked to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.
Types of compound sentences by nature of the conjunction and meaning
| SSP type | Unions | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. connecting unions(connective relations). | AND; Yes(in meaning And); no no; yes and; Same; Also; not only but. |
They opened the door and air from the yard steamed into the kitchen.(Paustovsky). |
| 2. Compound sentences with adversarial conjunctions(adverse relationships). | A; But; Yes(in meaning But); however(in meaning But); but; but; and then; not that; or else; particle(in the meaning of the union A); particle only(in the meaning of the union But). |
Ivan Petrovich left, but I stayed(Leskov). |
| 3. Compound sentences with dividing unions(separation relationships). | Or; or; not that..., not that; then..., then; either... or... |
Either eat the fish or run aground(proverb). |
Note!
1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a complex sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when analyzing, be sure to highlight the grammatical basics in order to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or complex sentence).
Wed: A man walked from a smoky ice hole and carried a large sturgeon(Peskov) - a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I'll give you money for the trip, and you can call a helicopter(Peskov) is a complex sentence.
2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second clause (the second simple sentence).
In some places the Danube serves as a border, but it serves and is expensive people to each other(Peskov).
The exception is unions, too, also, particles-unions, only. They necessarily occupy or can occupy a place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).
My sister and I cried, my mother also cried(Aksakov); His comrades treated him with hostility, but the soldiers truly loved him.(Kuprin).
Therefore, when parsing, such complex sentences are often confused with non-union complex sentences.
3) The double conjunction not only..., but also expresses gradational relations and is classified as a connecting conjunction in school textbooks. Very often, when parsing, only the second part is taken into account ( but also) and are mistakenly classified as adversative conjunctions. To avoid making mistakes, try replacing this double conjunction with the conjunction and.
Wed: Language should not only be understandable or simple, but also language must be good (L. Tolstoy). - Language must be understandable or simple, and language must be good.
4) Compound sentences are very diverse in meaning. Quite often they are close in meaning to complex sentences.
Wed: If you leave, it will become dark(Shefner). - If you leave, it will become dark; I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry(Tendryakov). - Although I didn't eat anything, I didn't feel hungry.
However, during analysis, it is not this specific meaning that is taken into account, but the meaning determined by the type of coordinating conjunction (conjunctive, adversative, disjunctive).
Notes. In some textbooks and manuals, complex sentences include complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions that is, namely, For example: The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to do this(Kuprin); Bird flights developed as an adaptive instinctive act, namely: it gives birds opportunity to avoid unfavorable winter conditions(Peskov). Other researchers classify them as complex sentences or separate them into an independent type of complex sentences. Some researchers classify sentences with particles only as non-union sentences.
§ 2989. The meaning of simultaneity belongs to sentences with the conjunction while: He was married to a poor noblewoman who died in childbirth while he was away in the field (Pushk.); At the time I met him, he was already about thirty years old (S.Sh.); While I was taking a nap, the moon rose and cast its cold and bright light through the thin clouds and falling snow (L.
Tolstoy); While I was gutting and cleaning colorful sea fish, a woman of about sixty or even sixty-five, thin, gray-haired, dark-skinned (Soloukh.) stopped next to me. The temporal meaning in such sentences is not complicated by the meaning of comparison: the meaning of incongruity characteristic of comparative sentences with the conjunction while is absent here (see § 3099–3101). Such sentences are equivalent to sentences with the conjunctions when and while, expressing simultaneity (see § 2954, 2955, 2966).
The formal feature on the basis of which temporary constructions with the conjunction while are distinguished from the actual comparative ones (see § 3101) is the potential dismemberment of the conjunction while. This dismemberment is expressed in the possibility of updating the temporal meaning, firstly, through the intonation highlighting of the component at that time, and secondly, by the introduction of lexical actualizers, the very same thing: Just as the prince was approaching the house, a cloud suddenly turned around and poured ( Ext.); I asked my grandfather about this just as he swung his second felt boot (Prishv.); As if sensing danger, he turned around sharply just as she opened the door (Herman).
Such sentences are functionally close to sentences with the conjunction when and the combination while as part of the main part (see § 2914); At the time when Onegin is changing clothes, Pushkin turns into poetic objects those combs, files, scissors and brushes that decorate the office of the “philosopher at eighteen years old” (D. Pisarev); He met Lenochka at a time when they were not yet eleven years old (Kupr.); Mushrooms really begin to grow at the time when the rye shoots an ear (Tendr.).
Note. In case of intonational non-segmentation, which contributes to the semantic merging of components, the combination while can act as an analogue of the conjunction while in a comparative meaning (see § 3101).
Sentences with the meaning of simultaneity can be constructed using combinations formed according to the model of conjunctions while, while: at that moment as (when), at that moment as (when), at that second as (when), at that minute like (when), that hour like (when), that day like (when), that year like (when): And at that minute, as she spoke, it seemed to her that she saw what oh what she said (L. Tolstoy). Among the words that lexically name time, the word moment is the most abstract in such combinations; the combination at the moment as (when) comes close to conjunctions with the meaning of simultaneity.
More on the topic SENTENCES WITH THE MEANING OF SIMULTANEOUSNESS:
- 337.2. Complex sentences with multitemporal relations
Based on the number of grammatical stems, sentences are divided into simple And complex. Complex sentences consist of two or more parts (simple sentences) combined intonationally, in meaning and grammatically:
The hewn horns began to sing, the plains and bushes ran.
Based on the nature of the means of connection between the parts, complex sentences are divided into allied and non-unionized. In allied sentences, the parts are connected by unions or allied words, and in non-union sentences - by intonation. Union proposals are divided into compound and complex ones.
In this article we will look at compound sentences. We will pay special attention to the placement of punctuation marks in complex sentences, and will also learn how to find a complex sentence in the text.
Compound Sentences
Compound Sentences(SSP) are complex sentences whose parts are connected by coordinating conjunctions:
I ordered to go to the commandant, and a couple of minutes later the wagon stopped in front of a small house built on a high hill, near a wooden church.
The parts of a complex sentence are independent of each other: there is no main clause or subordinate clause, and a question cannot be asked from one part to the other.
Parts of the BSC can be connected by the following conjunctions (coordinating conjunctions):
1) connecting and, yes (=and), neither...nor, also, also : The telegraph wire hummed faintly, and here and there hawks rested on it;
2) adversarial a, but, yes (=but), however, but, the same, otherwise, not that : The game and dinner were already over, but the guests had not yet left.
3) dividing or, either, whether...either, then...that, not that...not that, either...either, or...or: Either everything in it breathes truth, then everything in it is feigned and false;
4) connecting yes, yes and, and also, yes, but, but in the connecting meaning in combination with adverbs also, because , prepositions moreover, moreover and particles here, even : The door was closed, there was no one in the house, and was it worth waiting for someone else?
5) gradational: not only.. but also, not so much.. as, not really.. but, although and... but : It wasn't that he wasn't trying to get things done, but he just found it difficult to meet the deadline.
It is necessary to distinguish the BSC from a simple sentence complicated by homogeneous members: Play sports and you will always be healthy - this is a BSC, since two verbs in different forms (in different moods) cannot be homogeneous members; The TV was sent to a workshop, and there it was repaired - SSP, because. different figures are implied.
Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
, With. .
A comma is placed between parts of the BSC: Stand in his place, and you will understand the motive for his actions.
- With. .
A dash is placed instead of a comma when unexpectedly joining, sharply contrasting or emphasizing the cause-and-effect relationships between parts of the BSC: One jump - and his light silhouette can already be seen on the roof.
; With. .
Use a semicolon if the sentences are very common and there is no close connection between them:
Tatyana, on the advice of the nanny
Going to cast a spell at night,
She quietly ordered in the bathhouse
Set the table for two cutlery;
But Tatyana suddenly became scared.(A.S.P.)
A comma is not placed between the BSC only in exceptional cases, when the parts are connected by a single conjunction AND, OR, OR, YES (=AND) and parts of the BSC:
[gen. ] And .
[gen. ] And .
have a common secondary member of the sentence (object or adverbial): Heavy trucks were moving along the streets and cars were racing.
and , (gen.).
have a common subordinate clause: When spring comes, the days become longer and all living things bloom.
General [ +++, ] and .
have a common introductory word or sentence: Perhaps the forms have already been checked and there are already results.
[Only] and .
[Only] and .
have a common particle ONLY, ONLY, etc.: Only the blizzard makes noise and the birch trees sway.
[Name. ] and [ nomin. ],
are nominal sentences: Golden domes and bell ringing.
And ?
are interrogative: What time is it now and how soon will we arrive?
And !
are exclamation marks: How wonderfully he speaks and how sincere his words are!
[Wed. ] and [wake ].
are motivating: Let there be peace and people be happy.
[Impersonal. ] and [ impersonal ].
are impersonal sentences with the same form of the predicate or synonyms as part of the predicate: Slush and damp.
How to find a compound sentence in a text?
We can find a compound sentence based on three criteria:
1) First, we look for a complex sentence (with two or more grammatical stems);
2) Secondly, in a specific complex sentence we determine which conjunction (coordinating or subordinating) its parts are connected;
3) Thirdly, we find out whether it is possible to ask a question from one part to another.
For example:
The battalion commander stood in the sun, and a thousand lights shone on the gold carving of his saber.
1) This sentence has 2 grammatical bases ( battalion commander stood up - a thousand lights shone);
2) The parts are connected by a coordinating conjunction AND
3) The parts of the sentence are equal, you cannot ask a question.
Conclusion: we have before us a complex sentence.
Complex are called complex sentences , in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a complex sentence are independent of each other and form one semantic whole.
Depending on the type of coordinating conjunction that connects the parts of the sentence, all complex sentences (CCS) are divided into three main categories:
1) BSC with connecting unions(and; yes in the meaning and; neither..., nor; also; also; not only..., but also; both... and);
2) BSC with dividing unions (then..., then; not that..., not that; or; or; either... or);
3) BSC with adversative conjunctions (a, but, yes in the meaning but, however, on the other hand, but on the other hand, only, the same).
The semantic connection of simple sentences combined into a complex one is different. They can transmit:
Phenomena occurring simultaneously.
For example: And far in the south there was a battle, and in the north the earth trembled from bomb attacks that were clearly approaching at night (in such sentences, changing the sequence of parts of the sentence does not change the meaning);
Phenomena that occur sequentially.
For example: Dunya sat down in the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped onto the handle, the coachman whistled, and the horses galloped(in this case, rearrangement of sentences is not possible).
1. BSC with connecting unions (and, yes /=and/, neither - nor, both - so and, not only - but also, too, also, yes and).
In complex sentences with connecting conjunctions the following can be expressed:
- temporary relationships.
For example: Morning came and our ship approached Astrakhan(compare: When morning came, our ship approached Astrakhan);
Unions and, yes can be either single or repeating:
For example: The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the frost, and the river glitters under the ice.(A.S. Pushkin) - the described phenomena occur simultaneously, which is emphasized by the use of repeating conjunctions in each part.
I shouted and an echo answered me- the second phenomenon follows the first.
- action and its result.
For example: Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately released me and left me.
- cause-and-effect relationships.
For example:
Several especially powerfully covered dugouts remained completely intact, and the cold, battle-weary people, collapsing from fatigue and the desire to sleep, pulled with all their might to warm themselves up there;
I wasn't feeling well, so I didn't wait for dinner.- the second phenomenon is a consequence of the first, caused by it, as indicated by the specifier - adverb That's why.
I don’t see the light of the sun, I don’t have room for my roots(I. A. Krylov).
The narrator froze mid-sentence, I also heard a strange sound- unions Same And Also have the peculiarity that they do not appear at the beginning of the part.
Unions Same And Also introduce the meaning of simile into the sentence. For example: And now I lived with my grandmother, she also told me fairy tales before bed. Unions Same And Also always appear within the second part of a complex sentence. Union Same, as a rule, used in colloquial speech, conjunction Also- in the bookstore.
The conjunction also has a colloquial character Yes in meaning And .
For example: It was useless to hide the truth, and Serpilin did not consider himself entitled to do so.
2. BSC with adversative conjunctions (but, yes /=but/, however, but, but, but).
IN compound sentences with adversative conjunctions one phenomenon is contrasted with another.
For example: The thunderstorm was there, behind them, above the forest, and here the sun was shining.
With the help of a conjunction, however, a reservation is conveyed to what was previously said. For example: She could hardly force herself to smile and hide her triumph, but she managed to quickly assume a completely indifferent and even stern look.
Sentences of this group always consist of two parts and, having a common adversative meaning, can express the following meanings:
She was about thirty, but she seemed like a very young girl- the second phenomenon is opposed to the first.
Some helped in the kitchen, while others set the tables- the second phenomenon is not opposed to the first, A compared with it (replacing the union A on But impossible).
Unions but , but indicate compensation for what was mentioned in the first sentence.
For example: The elk left, but nearby there was a sound made by some living and, probably, weak creature; He has a lot of work ahead of him, but in winter he will rest.
Particles are used in the meaning of adversative conjunctions same , only .
For example: My head still hurt, but my consciousness was clear and distinct; The war did not cancel anything, only all feelings became sharper during the war.
Union same, like unions Same And Also, always does not appear at the beginning of the second part of the sentence, but directly after the word that is opposed to the word of the first part.
For example: All the trees have released sticky leaves, but the oak tree still stands without leaves.
3. BSC with dividing unions (or /il/, either, not that - not that, whether - either, that - that).
In complex sentences with disjunctive conjunctions, phenomena that cannot occur simultaneously are indicated: they either alternate, or one excludes the other.
For example: In the stuffy air, the blows of pickaxes on stone were heard, or the wheels of wheelbarrows sang mournfully; It was drizzling, then large flakes of snow were falling– union That- That indicates alternation of phenomena.
On Peresyp something was either burning or the moon was rising- union not that -not that indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Only sometimes a birch tree will flash or a spruce tree will stand in front of you like a gloomy shadow.- union or indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Either the gate is creaking, or the floorboards are cracking- union either - either indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Divisional unions or And or can be single or repeating.
For a more detailed description of the types of BSC There are three more types of SSP: BSC with connecting, explanatory and gradational conjunctions.
Unions are connecting yes and, too, also, placed in our classification in the group of connecting conjunctions.
Conjunctions are explanatory that is, namely :
For example: He was expelled from the gymnasium, that is, the most unpleasant thing happened for him.
Graduation unions - not only... but also, not that... but .
For example: It wasn't that he didn't trust his partner, but he still had some doubts about him.
Complex sentence should be distinguished from a simple sentence with homogeneous members connected by coordinating conjunctions.
| Compound Sentences | Simple sentences with homogeneous sentence members |
| The hundred-year-old pines exchanged a whistling whisper among themselves, and dry frost poured with a soft rustle from the disturbed branches. | And suddenly another beetle fell away from the swarm dancing in the air and, leaving behind a large, bushy tail, rushed straight to the clearing.
|
| The stars still sparkled sharply and coldly, but the sky in the east had already begun to brighten. | Obeying this powerful feeling, he jumped to his feet, but then, groaning, he sat down on the bear’s carcass.
|
| The forest is noisy, your face is hot, and a prickly cold creeps from your back. | In good weather, the forest swirled with caps of pine peaks, and in bad weather, shrouded in gray fog, it resembled a darkened surface of water. |
For a change, a white cobblestone will flash among the weeds, or a gray stone woman will grow for a moment, or a gopher will cross the road, and again weeds, hills, and rooks will run past your eyes. | I had to stand with my eyes closed, leaning my back against a tree trunk, or sit down on a snowdrift and rest, feeling the pulse beating in my veins. |
In complex sentences, the relations most often expressed are connective, adversative and disjunctive (cf. the functions of coordinating conjunctions and their classification). In addition, complex sentences can express comparative, connecting, explanatory relationships with various additional shades of meaning.
Connective Relationships
In complex sentences expressing connecting relationships, the means of connecting parts of a single whole are conjunctions and, yes, nor (repeating), also, too (the last two with a connecting connotation of meaning).
Compound sentences with the conjunction and most often express temporary relationships. To express these relationships, verb forms (temporal and aspectual), the order of parts in a complex compound, intonation, conjunction, and additional lexical means are used.
In some cases, the simultaneity of two or more actions, phenomena, events is expressed. The meaning of simultaneity is usually conveyed by coinciding tense forms of predicate verbs (usually imperfect, less often perfect) in the parts that make up the compound; sometimes the verb forms in these cases do not match. For example: And then in the foggy heights the birds began to sing, and the east became rich (L.); The herd had not yet been driven away, and the people had not yet returned from work (L. T.); The other night my insomnia tormented me, and two or three thoughts came into my head (P.).
The importance of simultaneity is emphasized by the presence of a common secondary member (most often adverbial circumstances) between parts of a complex sentence, for example: Hoops were lying around in the sand without any order and empty barrels were sticking out (Grig.).
Another type of temporal relations in a complex sentence is a sequence of actions or states, expressed by the order of parts and aspectual verb forms in the composed parts of the sentence. For example: The last reflections of the evening dawn went out completely, and the dark night descended to the earth (Ars.); Lights were lit throughout the village, and news was already buzzing in every kuren (Shol.).
The meaning of the time sequence can be accompanied by a connotation of the meaning of the consequence, for example: ... At the exit of the bridge, the horses in the company cart hesitated, and the whole crowd had to wait (L. T.).
A special intonation is inherent in complex sentences that express a rapid change of events or an unexpected result (the first part of them can be a nominative sentence). For example: One jump - and the lion is already on the back of the buffalo (Kupr.); A moment - and everything again drowned in darkness (Cor.).
Compound sentences with a conjunction can express cause-and-effect relationships, which are clearly revealed in cases where in the second part of a compound sentence the conjunction is followed by the adverbs because, therefore, therefore, etc. with a hint of accession. For example: The judge’s lips were right under his nose, and that’s why his nose could smell his upper lip as much as his heart liked (G.).
The conjunction and can also express relations close to adversative, for example: Everyone knew her, and no one noticed (P.).
The conjunctive conjunction is used in complex sentences expressing temporary relationships. In this case, a shade of connecting connection is created, and from the stylistic side - a shade of colloquial speech. For example: The cuckoo crowed loudly in the distance, and screamed like a crazy jackdaw (N.).
The repeated conjunction neither...nor gives a complex sentence the meaning of negative enumeration and mutual exclusion, for example: Neither she will touch anyone, nor will anyone touch her (S.-Sch.).
Conjunctions also and also give the second part of a compound sentence a connecting shade of meaning, for example: The strange old man spoke very drawlingly, the sound of his voice also amazed me (T.); People were very hungry, horses also needed rest (Ars.).
Adverse relationships
Complex sentences with adversative conjunctions (a, but, yes, however, but, same, etc.) express relations of opposition or comparison, sometimes with various additional shades (inconsistencies, restrictions, concessions, etc.). This meaning of this type of complex sentences influences their construction: the word order in the second part is determined by the nature of its opposition to the first part.
The conjunction a is widely used in complex sentences with the indicated meanings, for example: The earth still looks sad, but the air already breathes in spring (Tyutch.); Learning is light, and ignorance is darkness (last).
The meaning of opposition, limitation, inconsistency is expressed using the conjunction but, for example: Dubrovsky held an open book in his hand, but his eyes were closed (P.); The sun has set, but it is still light in the forest (T.).
Close in its meaning to a union, but a union however (however), for example: The firefight has died down, but cannonballs and bombs continue to fly (S.-C.).
The adversative conjunction yes gives the statement a touch of colloquial speech; it is also found in folklore works, for example: I woke up, but laziness overcame me (T.); The porridge is good, but the bowl is small (verb.).
The union, on the other hand, in addition to the general meaning of opposition, contains an additional shade of compensation, for example: More than one stripe is visible on the sides of your sunken whip, but in the courtyards of the inns you ate plenty of oats (N.).
The conjunctions and then, not that, and not that, characteristic of colloquial speech, are used in contrast in complex sentences in which the second part indicates the possible consequences of failure to do what is said in the first part. For example: ...You will have a roll, but look, don’t chat, or I’ll beat you (P.); Shut up, otherwise I'll shoot you... like a partridge (Ch.).
The conjunction, expressing opposition in a complex sentence, has the additional meaning of an intensifying particle and semantically highlights the first word in the second part, after which it is usually placed. For example: The birches blossomed, but the oaks stood naked (Ch.).
Separation Relationships
Complex sentences with dividing conjunctions (or, or, whether...li, then...then, etc.) indicate alternation of events, their sequential change, incompatibility, etc.
The conjunction or (or), expressing relations of mutual exclusion, can be single or repeating, for example: Only occasionally will a timid deer run through the desert, or a herd of playful horses will be outraged by the silence of the distance (L.); Either I don’t understand, or you don’t want to understand me (Ch.).
The same dividing relationships are expressed using the conjunction either, for example: Either weave, or spin, or sing songs (po.).
Double conjunctions...or...or...or give the statement a tone of enumeration, for example: Did you have a bad time at Plyushkin’s, or do you simply walk through the forests and rip off passersby of your own accord? (G.).
The repeating conjunction this...that indicates the alternation of actions or phenomena, their sequential change, for example: Now it seemed like fog was falling, then suddenly a slanting heavy rain began to fall (L.T.).
The conjunctions either...or, or that...or that introduce a shade of conjecture into the statement, for example: It was either early morning, or it was already evening (Fad.).
Compound sentences expressing connecting relations
Some coordinating conjunctions are used in a complex sentence to express connecting relations in which the content of the second part of the complex sentence represents an additional message or additional remark related to the content of the first part.
The meaning of the adjunct with a defining connotation expresses the conjunction and, in combination with a demonstrative pronoun, this is at the beginning of the second part of a complex sentence, for example: Both listened and spoke too animatedly and naturally, and Anna Pavlovna (L.T.) did not like this.
As mentioned above, conjunctions also have a connecting meaning.
The adjunctive-adversative meaning can be expressed using the conjunction a, for example: You are bored, you don’t find a place for yourself, and boredom and idleness are contagious (Ch.).
The conjunction also expresses connecting relations with a hint of addition, for example: The boy looked very smart and direct, and there was strength in his voice (L.).
