- Absolutely right.
– Curious to know why this salt is so wonderful?
Zherebtsov smiled:
– The definition of unusual turned out to be funny on the corvette. We piled the salt found during soil testing on the deck to dry it, and the ship’s cook, a man of poor intelligence, salted the crew’s borscht with it. Two hours later, the entire crew fell ill with severe stomach weakness. Salt turned out to be equal in effect to castor oil.
Karelin shook silently. It seemed that his chair and the very air of the office were laughing with him, where a layer of thick tobacco smoke noticeably began to dance.
“My sir,” said Karelin, having laughed it off, “I was mistaken, like you.” I considered Kara-Bugaz to be barren and as if created by nature to spite people. But recently, studying my diaries and thinking about the deadly waters of the bay, I came into doubt, because in the nature that surrounds us, there is almost no such evil that cannot be used for human needs and benefit. The caustic Kara-Bugaz salt is an extraordinary salt, and I wonder if it is Glauber’s salt, otherwise called alkaline? Its effect on your team is quite remarkable. If Glauber's salt is deposited in the bay, then destroying the bay is a crime. This salt has many rare properties. One of them, almost the most important one, I want to tell you. – Karelin pulled out a desk drawer and took out a yellowish manuscript. He stroked it and smoothed the edges of the thick sheets. – Do you know that a great chemist named Kirill Laxman lived in Russia?
“To my shame, Grigory Silych, I have never heard such a name.”
“Not to your shame, dear sir, but to the shame of our entire country, where gifted people are at the same price as Guryev’s security guards!” – Karelin shouted with the same anger. “The life of this wonderful man is an example of constant torment. He was sent to serve in the Siberian wilderness, in Barnaul. Laxman was burdened by official duties and preferred to travel around Siberia, when he made many discoveries concerning the vegetation and underground riches of the region. At the same time he studied chemistry. For his scientific merits, he was elected academician, but he, not wanting to sit in St. Petersburg, chose to stay in Siberia, taking the place of a mining adviser. For an empty oversight, he was removed from his post and appointed police officer in Nerchinsk. So, my dear lieutenant, what a suitable position the Russian government has prepared for a talented scientist and member of the Academy of Sciences... So, the said Kirill Laxman discovered the possibility of making magnificent glass from Glauber's salt. This manuscript is his report on this discovery. Laxman calls Glauber's salt bitter. Look what he writes. - Karelin read slowly: “Among the many new properties of sowing bitter salt, called “Gujar” by the Mongolian peoples, the most worthy of attention is the power that transforms it into glass.” During his experiments, Laxman obtained white glass and black glass, similar to Chinese varnish... Here... - Karelin pushed the manuscript away. – Further explanations are unnecessary.
Blockage of the bay will cause a change in the properties of the water and stop the formation of Glauber's salt. Your statement that the bay causes shallowing of the Caspian Sea, as well as your regret about the dying fish, is exaggerated. Without much effort, I can immediately break you down on all points. But, perhaps, it’s better to go and have some tea, fortunately they sent me cranberry juice from Uralsk.
Letting Zherebtsov into the dining room, Karelin made terrible eyes and whispered:
– And you’ve already prepared a project! There are fools in St. Petersburg. They don’t like to think, but will just blurt out - to close the bay forever and surprise Europe. If you had mentioned the word “open”, then the statesmen might have thought about it, but if you close it, then close it. Closing is a sacred thing for them...
Zherebtsov returned to the boat late in the evening, and the boat approached the corvette in the dead of night. In the reeds that rustled dryly along the banks of the Urals, wild ducks quacked sleepily. Over the sea, towards the Dagestan coast, lightning bursts of blue explosions. From the deck one could hear the roar of the sea near the sandbanks.
Zherebtsov walked around the quarterdeck for a long time, worried about his mistake. The Caspian Sea, which he studied to great detail, seemed ominous and unknown. To the side of the desert, where Emba lay, a dome of fire appeared. Zherebtsov shuddered: was the Kara-Bugaz Bay smoking again in this pitch darkness that alarmed him? But it was the moon rising above the plains of Ust-Urt.
Zherebtsov filled his pipe and sighed in annoyance: for the first time in two years of sailing on this sea, he felt tired of it. Overboard the corvette, sleeping seals snorted in the water.
The officer on watch jokingly said to Zherebtsov:
- You should go to bed, Ignatius Alexandrovich. At this time, even the fish in the sea sleeps.
Zherebtsov went down to the cabin and opened the porthole. A dull rumble came from the lightning. Tormented by the stuffiness, Zherebtsov took his cleanly copied project out of the table, tore it up and threw it through the porthole into the sea.
Boy with a Silver Throat
I regret that documents relating to Zherebtsov’s life have been lost, and what has survived to our time is very fragmentary and meager.
Fortunately, just before his death, Zherebtsov, already retired, met the writer Evseenko. This writer conscientiously supplied numerous stories and novellas for the magazines “Niva” and “Rodina”. These unwise things were designed for a reader with a lot of free time, mainly a summer resident, and did not in any way shine with talent.
Evseenko was not devoid of the gift of representation, but, like many of his contemporaries (the case dates back to the 90s of the last century), he was infected with a passion for capturing moods. He described the mood of nature, people, animals, his own and even the mood of entire cities and dacha areas near Moscow.
In one of these areas he met Zherebtsov, immediately with an experienced eye determined that the decrepit and good-natured sailor must inevitably keep within himself a certain literary plot, and set about fishing out this plot. Having not found out the plot, Evseenko nevertheless wrote the story, but did not have time to print it, since he developed a severe stage of consumption and was sent to Yalta, where he soon died. The manuscript of his story, which interests me only to the extent of the information it contains about the last days of Zherebtsov, the first explorer of the Kara-Bugaz Bay, I present here, having made the necessary abbreviations. The story is called "Fatal Mistake".
“If you, reader, have been to art exhibitions, you should remember the paintings depicting provincial courtyards overgrown with mallow. A dilapidated but warm house with many outbuildings and porches, linden trees under the windows (jackdaws nest in them), grass growing thickly among the wood chips, a black puppy tied on a rope, and a fence with broken boards. Behind the fence is the mirror surface of a picturesque river and the lush gold of the autumn forest. Warm sunny day in September.
Country trains passing near the old house add even more charm to the landscape, covering the yellowness of the forests with clouds of locomotive steam.
If you, reader, love autumn, then you know that in autumn the water in rivers turns a bright blue color from the cold. On this day, the water was especially blue, and yellow willow leaves floated across it, smelling of sweet dampness.
Wet birch leaves stick to your boots, to the footboards of the carriages, to the large plank boards where Moscow merchants praise their goods to the provincials looking out from the carriages.
It is about these shields, especially about one that called on everyone to smoke Katyk cartridges, that I want to talk to you, reader.
On the September day that we just mentioned, I met an old man in a worn naval overcoat near such a rain- and sun-worn advertising billboard. The old man’s face was striking with a thick tan, especially noticeable when framed by gray hair and in the setting of the pale northern autumn. It seemed that the sun of the hot seas had so saturated the senile skin that even the bad weather of central Russia could not destroy its traces.
- Rogue! – the old man shouted angrily and waved his stick threateningly. - A rascal, but a smart guy!
– Who are you talking about?
“About Katyk, dear sir, about the manufacturer Katyk,” the old man answered kindly: apparently, he was not averse to entering into a conversation.
I asked why Katyk is a scoundrel and a swindler.
– This story is very long. Come on, come to my place - I live nearby - and have some tea. By the way, I’ll tell you about Katyk.
The old man led me to the courtyard mentioned above and led me into a room that sparkled with cleanliness. On the shelves were stuffed tall birds with pink plumage. On the walls hung many nautical maps, covered with red pencils, and watercolors depicting the deserted shores of a green and stormy sea. Old books lay in strict order on the table. I looked at the titles - they were works on the hydrography of various seas and travels around Central Asia and the Caspian Sea. While the girl, the owner’s daughter, was putting the samovar on for us, the old man uncorked a box of yellow Feodosia tobacco and rolled a thick cigarette.
“That’s it, my friend,” he said, enveloped in smoke, “let me first of all introduce myself.” My name is Ignatiy Aleksandrovich Zherebtsov. I am a retired sailor, hydrographer, mapmaker of the Caspian Sea. If you please, I am already in my eighties. You were interested in Katyk. So, I can report that Katyk very unsuccessfully corrects the mistake I made in my young years, when I had just finished sailing the Caspian Sea. My mistake was that the Kara-Bugaz Bay located on this sea - I don’t know whether you have heard of it or not - I was the first to examine and recognize it as completely useless for the state, as not possessing any natural resources. But, by the way, I discovered that the bottom of the bay consists of salt, as it later turned out - Glauber's salt. Kara-Bugaz is an extraordinary place for its dry air, its pungent and thick water, its deep desert and, finally, its vastness. It is surrounded by sands. After swimming in its waters I became ill with suffocation. Only here, in the north, did the illness leave me, otherwise, my friend, I was suffocating every night and literally dying.
Out of my stupidity, I wanted to propose to the government to block the narrow entrance to the bay with a dam in order to cut it off from the sea.
Why, you ask? And then, that I was convinced of the deep harmfulness of its waters, poisoning countless schools of Caspian fish. In addition, I interpreted the mysterious shallowing of the sea in those years by saying that the bay was insatiably absorbing Caspian water. I forgot to tell you that the water flows into the bay in a strong stream. I calculated that if the bay is blocked, the sea level will begin to rise every year by almost an inch. I intended to make locks in the dam and in this way maintain the level in the sea that is necessary for navigation. But the late Grigory Silych Karelin, thanks to him, talked me out of this crazy project.
I asked why the old man called this project, although extraordinary, crazy.
– You see, my friend, I have already said that the bottom of the bay consists of Glauber’s salt. Scientists suggest that every year millions of pounds of this salt settle in the waters of the bay. The greatest, one might say, deposit of this salt in the whole world, exceptional wealth - and suddenly all this would be destroyed in a single blow.
My second mistake was due to the fault of these northern places. I myself am from Kaluga, and spent fifteen years on the Caspian Sea. There - if you have been, you should know - dullness, dust, winds, deserts and no grass, no trees, no clean flowing water.
I should have, as soon as a suspicion arose in me of the greatest riches of the Kara-Bugaz, took up this matter, stirred up the learned men, but I gave up on everything and thought only about how I could quickly return to my place, to the Zhizdra forests. I didn’t need Kara-Bugaz with its salt. I wouldn’t trade my Kaluga copses for a dozen Kara-Bugaz. I wanted, you know, as I used to do in infancy, to breathe the mushroom air and listen to the sound of the rain on the leaves.
It is clear that our weaknesses are stronger than the dictates of our minds. I gave up fame, committed, one might say, a crime against the human race, went to my home near Zhizdra - and was happy. Meanwhile, the rumor that Lieutenant Zherebtsov had found a bottom of unusual salt in the bay reached scientists. The Turkmen were sent to the bay. They brought bottled water. They analyzed it, and it was discovered that it was the purest Glauber’s salt, without which neither glassmaking nor many other industries are unthinkable.
It was then that the rascal Katyk surfaced. He doesn't have enough shell casings and racing horses - he decided to mine salt in the bay, since in winter the waves throw it ashore right in the mountains. He founded a joint-stock company for this purpose and screwed everyone over; does not export salt, but Kara-Bugaz received almost complete ownership from the government. That’s why I say that this Katyk of yours is quite a scoundrel.”
Further in his story, Evseenko describes in detail Zherebtsov’s funny conversations with the owner’s daughter and his friendship with the surrounding boys. For them, Zherebtsov was an indisputable authority in matters of fishing and pigeon training. He called the boys “bubbles” and “bugs.”
On holidays, the son of his deceased school friend came to him from Moscow (we gave a letter to this friend at the beginning of the first chapter) - a boy with a silver pipe in his throat. Together they made bird traps and fishing rods or carried out chemical experiments.
Sometimes Zherebtsov left the boy with him to spend the night. Then the conversations in his room did not stop until late in the evening. Zherebtsov talked about his voyages, and, it must be said, he had never had such an attentive interlocutor. The boy listened and could not fall asleep for a long time, looking at the stars outside the windows. But then they slept soundly, like children. Even the hoarse cries of the roosters, greeting the new gray day, could not drive away their sweet sleep.
One morning like this, Zherebtsov did not wake up.
They buried him in a deserted cemetery on the edge of the forest. The owner of the dacha - the owner of a shoemaker's establishment from Maryina Roshcha, a boy with a silver throat, several pigeon-keeping boys and Evseenko came to the funeral.
A week later, the grave was covered with wet red pine needles. Long rainy nights and short cold days began, and everyone forgot about Zherebtsov except the boy with the silver throat. Occasionally he came from Moscow to the grave. He will come, stand for a few minutes and leave along a long clearing to the station, where columns of lush locomotive steam rise to the sky.
All attempts made now to find Zherebtsov’s grave have been in vain.
Black Island
Sprinkled with your blood
They fly the red banner,
making noise above us.
Mayakovsky
January 1920 was ending. The storm splashed the windows of the low port buildings. Heavy rain roared through the streets of Petrovsk. The mountains were smoking. North from Petrovsk to Astrakhan the sea lay under ice.
The old steamship Nikolai, captured by the White Guards, was separating couples. Last year's calendars and fly-spotted portraits of Kolchak hung in the untidy cabins. Cigarette butts and yellowed newspapers stuck to the deck. In the chart room, the watchman, blue from the cold, ruffled, was waiting for the captain. The captain disappeared in the city.
The stinking smoke from the galley chimney announced that the cook was cooking barley porridge with mouse droppings. But even this event did not disperse the despondency that was eating away at the ship like rust. The sailors were lying around in the cockpit. In the wardroom, a yellow and angry waiter was sleeping on a red plush sofa.
Taking advantage of the gloomy day, skinny steamboat bugs crawled out of all the cracks. In the hold, the rooster that had been stolen the day before crowed hoarsely.
“It’s time for our guitar to go to the cemetery,” thought the watchman and looked at the helm, where one could see a copper plaque stating that the steamship “Nikolai” was built in 1877.
By the way, the watchman looked at the yellow, battered pipe. Red smoke poured out of it.
- What are they drowning with garbage, or what? - said the watchman and shuddered: a cannon shot thundered in the damp smoke on the mountains.
A sailor in galoshes on bare feet crawled out of the cockpit. He sluggishly dragged his numb legs along the deck, climbed onto the bridge and listened: the dull blows became more frequent.
“It looks like the Red cadets are beating,” he told the watchman. “The Reds,” he whispered, and his eyes narrowed, “are advancing from Khasav-Yurt, they will be in Petrovsk at night.” You need to talk to the captain about this. The team believes that the evacuation must be ticked away. We'll take off in the evening and plunge into the sea - quietly, nobly, without cadets, without weapons.
The sailor waved his hand to the east, where the sea was boiling like a cauldron with soapy and dirty foam.
The watchman looked at the stern - there was a wet tricolor flag flapping there - and sighed. Oh, if only everything turned out as planned! Get away from Denikin's men, from evacuation!
“The captain is missing, we’ll fall asleep because of this,” he muttered sadly and went out onto the deck.
He peered into the rain slanting across the rotten piers and spat. A crowd of people in green English overcoats was walking towards the ship. They dragged a machine gun on a rope and walked straight through the puddles, breaking them with their swollen boots. To the side, the watchman noticed the familiar figure of the captain in a raincoat. Drops quickly flowed from his mustache, and it seemed that the captain was silently crying.
A detachment of Denikin's men climbed onto the deck along a slippery ladder. An officer with bulging gray eyes walked into the wardroom, pulled the sleeping waiter by the leg and said hoarsely:
- Go to your place, thief!
The waiter pulled a napkin from his pocket, wiped his face and left.
Closing the cabin door, he looked at her in such a way that, if the door had been a living creature, she would have shuddered with fear.
Soldiers with three-color stripes on their sleeves - “death battalion” - tore open the doors of the cabins, without waiting for the keys to be brought, and threatened someone, gritting their teeth. A sentry was posted at the gangway.
The captain entered the chart room and with trembling hands took a long time to unbutton his bulging raincoat. The watchman looked at him sadly and waited.
Finally the captain took out a bent copper cigarette case and lit a cigarette.
- Well, we got it! We were assigned for evacuation. I swore at headquarters. My ship is at anchor in the port and is falling apart. Where can we take him out to sea in such a storm? They laugh: “We, they say, will give such a load that it won’t be a pity.” - “What kind of cargo is this?” - “Bolsheviks from prison, that’s who. Did you hear? - “Where should we put them?” “Yes, they say there is a suitable place for them. Wherever we tell you, you will be taken there. And if you don’t want to go out to sea, then we’ll talk in the basement. Then you will want it."
The captain sat down and pulled the ship's log towards him. There was heavy thunder in the mountains again. A yellow light flashed behind the rain. There were crooked lines in the magazine: “North-east wind of force 10. Excitement – 9 points. The water in the holds is 30 centimeters.”
– The water in the holds is thirty centimeters! – The captain threw away the magazine and smiled wryly. - We will put people in the holds. “His face was filled with gray blood. - Into the water, into the holds! We swam under the Nikolaev flag and reached the end. We will transport the live cargo like bulls to the slaughter. Eh, you...
He wanted to add something else, but stopped short: an officer with bulging eyes was standing in the doorway.
“Dear captain,” he gallantly stepped over the high threshold of the wheelhouse, “order the holds to be opened.” The prisoners will be brought in now.
The holds were open, but the prisoners were brought in only at midnight, when gunfire was already falling like peas from the oil warehouses.
The Reds were rushing towards the city. The transition of the Turkish officer Kazym Bey, who commanded the red units, to the Denikin side, did not save the city. Kazym Bey - his black name thundered throughout Dagestan at that time - was an agent of the Musavatists. He penetrated the location of the red units, won their trust, participated in battles and waited for the right moment to betray them. Kazym Bey's betrayal increased the rage of the Reds tenfold. They went on the offensive along the entire front, and their advanced detachments were already fighting on the outskirts of Petrovsk.
“Nikolai” was wheezing with crumpled steam and rocked at the pier as a black, absurd carcass - it was ordered not to light the lights. The sea, the port, the city, the mountains - everything turned into dull darkness, gusty with wind. Only the foam was white, pouring over the storm-damaged pier.
The prisoners were brought in very quietly. The watchman counted them while standing on the bridge.
“More than a hundred people,” he said to the captain, when the last black shadow, driven by rifle butts, slowly climbed into the hold. From the hold there was a smell of cold and the smell of rotten leather.
We left at night.
“Nikolai” rounded the pier, crackled, screamed and raised its nose high. Icy mountains of water rolled under its dilapidated bottom. In the wardroom, glasses fell from the tables.
Denikin's men huddled near the railings. They looked at the shore, where the lights of exploding shells flashed dimly and frequently. The waiter watched with them. The wind lifted his thin hair. The Caspian wave hammered against the side with cast-iron blows.
Before the dump, an old officer with a gray, trimmed beard entered the ship. His slender legs were wrapped in black silk wrappings, his thin hair was carefully parted. He demanded tea in the wardroom, ordered the captain to be called, slowly unfolded a map on the table and placed his small hands on it.
The captain entered, red from the wind, and stood sullenly at the door.
- Come closer. – The officer smiled dryly.
This smile frightened the captain: this is how people usually smile in the presence of doomed people.
– I’m listening. – The captain approached the map.
The officer took out a red pencil, slowly sharpened it with a safety razor blade, lit a cigarette, squinted and, looking for something on the map, put a bold cross. Then, having taken stock, he drew a straight line across the entire sea from Petrovsk to the marked place.
Appeals, i.e. words and combinations of words that name the addressee of speech are usually highlighted (or separated) by commas, and with special emotional stress - by an exclamation mark after the address: Congratulations, comrades, on your safe arrival(Paust.); - “Don’t go, Volodya,” said Rodion.(Ch.); Goodbye, it's time, my joy! I'll jump off now, conductor(Past.); Quiet, wind. Don't bark, water glass(Ec.); Gain your sight, sighted comrade, by the lake in the drainage waters(Vozn.). Vocative intonation is enhanced if the address is placed at the end of the sentence: - Hello, brothers! - he said(Ch.); Farewell, it's time for the outskirts! Life is a change of ashes(Vozn.).
Multiple hits are separated by commas or exclamation points: « My dear, my darling, my torment, my longing", she read(Ch.); Goodbye, my happiness, my short-lived happiness! (Cupr.); Proletarian! Poor brother... When you receive this letter, I will already be leaving(Ch.). Addresses connected by a conjunction And, not separated by a comma: Weep, tavern violins and harps(Vozn).
If after the appeal there is a definition or application, then it is separated; This definition is perceived as a second appeal: Grandpa, dear, where have you been?(Spread); Miller, my dear, stand up. There are lights on the shore!(Paust.).
The parts of the dissected circulation are highlighted separately, each on its own: Hear me, darling, hear me, beautiful, my evening dawn, unquenchable love! (Isa.); ABOUT, my neglected, thank you and kiss you, hands of the Motherland, timidity, friendship, family(Past.).
If the address ends an interrogative sentence, then a question mark is placed after it: Do you hear? Dmitry Petrovich? I will come to you in Moscow(Ch.); When will Kara-Ada finally arrive, captain?(Paust.); What's wrong with you, blue sweater?(Vozn.); Did you pray at night, birch? Have you prayed at night? overturned lakes Senezh, Svityaz and Naroch? Have you prayed at night? Cathedrals of the Intercession and Dormition? (Vozn.).
Particles oh, ah, ah etc., standing before the appeals, are not separated from them: Oh my darling, my tender, beautiful garden! (Ch.); - Prosh, and Prosh! - called Prokhor Abramovich(Plat.); Ah Nadya, Nadenka, we would be happy...(OK.); O whirlwind, feel all the depths and hollows(Past.); O grapes of retribution! I took it in one gulp to the West - I am the ashes of an uninvited guest!(Vozn.); Oh youth, phoenix, fool, the diploma is all in flames!(Vozn.); O beloved deceptions of the heart, delusions of infancy! On the day when the meadows turn green, I have no escape from you(Sick.).
If there is an interjection before the address (unlike a particle it is accentuated), then it is separated by a comma or an exclamation mark: - “Oh, dear Nadya,” Sasha began his usual afternoon conversation.(Ch.);
Hey, three octagons for thread, go get a bolt! - From that day on, Zakhar Pavlovich was called by the nickname “Three Osmushki for Carving”(Payment). The word can also act as an interjection O(in meaning Oh): Oh, my lost freshness, riot of eyes and flood of feelings(Es.).
An interjection (as a call for attention) can itself act as an address: Hey, watch out! You'll create a closure!(Vozn.); - Hey, be careful there! - Stepakha shouted(Cool.); Where? What are you doing? Hey !(Shuksh.).
After an address, which is a separate vocative sentence, an ellipsis or an exclamation mark is placed - single or in combination with an ellipsis: - Miller! - Shatsky whispered(Paust.); Anya, Anya!(Ch.); - Sing!.. - Lyalka is at the window again(Shuksh.);
Mother... And mother! - he called his old woman(Shuksh.); - Brothers... - he said quietly, and his voice broke(Paust.).
Note 1. Personal pronouns you and you, as a rule, do not act as addresses: they perform the function of a subject if they have predicate verbs: If you, reader, love autumn, then you know that in the fall the water in the rivers acquires a bright blue color from the cold.(Paust.) - the address is the reader, and the pronoun you is combined with the verb you love.
The pronouns you, you can take the function of address in the following cases:
a) in constructions with a separate definition or attributive clause: You, third from the edge, with a mop on his forehead, I do not know you. I love you!(Vozn.); You, whose wide greatcoats resembled sails, whose spurs and voices rang merrily, and whose eyes, like diamonds, left a mark on the heart, - charming dandies of yesteryear(Color);
b) when used independently, usually with interjections hey, well, eh and etc.: Eh, you women, women! Your heads are crazy(Cool.); - Eh, you! And don’t you hate sitting next to Chebukhaika? - he says as he walks(Cool.); Tsits, you! She is no longer your servant(M.G.); “He has a headache,” Bayev sympathized with his heart. - Ehh... you. Residents!(Shuksh.);
c) as part of other appeals: Dear friend, you are mine, don't be ashamed...(Fad.); Honey, you're mine(Shuksh.).
Note 2. Appeals can be expressed in special, descriptive phrases, which are distinguished as ordinary address-names: - Hey, on a scow! - said Reg(Green); - Hey, who's stronger there?, come here, to the gate(P. Kapitsa).
Interjections are highlighted (or separated) by commas; with exclamatory intonation, an exclamation point is placed after the interjection: Oh, there's a fire somewhere!(Boon.); But, but, it’s easier on turns(A.T.); Oh, how slow they are, a year passes, then another...(TV); And by similar rights, that girl soldier, well, almost with glory - from the taiga - to the Arbat(TV); Well, Ataman brothers, let's go and go to sleep(Shol.); Yes you are no way, are you already an officer?(Shol.); Oh, it will be for you!(Shol.); Yeah, I understand(Shol.); - Well, to the porch! Well ! - Sergei Sergeich spurred Andrey in the sides with impatience(Shuksh.); - Oh, dear mother!.. Oh, I’m running out! - the blond one moaned(Shuksh.); Wow ! It was a great night!(Shuksh.); - Eh, come on! - he interrupted(Ch.); Oh, good!(Shol.); It's a pity, ah, a pity, Anton Ivanovich(A.T.); Ty! I know you too, Yakov Vasilievich(A.T.); - I'll die By God, I’m going to die, Zakhar Pavlych,” the old man was afraid to lie.(Plat.); Well, how do you find Valya’s works?(Cat.); Listen, well, let's say I ask you to come back in a week(Cat.); Here you go, your father gave you a hat(Plat.); - Eeyore, son! - she answered calmly(Cool.); Well, hello, villagers! Well, according to the old Cossack custom, let's kiss(Shol.); - Oh, and you’ve grown old, brother! - Dunyashka said regretfully(Shol.); Come on, Pavel Mironych, push with the crowbar!(Cool.); - Look, you scoundrel! - Vasily said enthusiastically(Cool.).
Interjective sentences end with an exclamation mark (often combined with a question mark or ellipsis): - Hurray!.. - he exclaimed(Shuksh.);
- Ahh! - the old man said cheerfully(Shuksh.); - A ?! - Zakhar Pavlovich was scared(Plat.); - But! But ! - I shout to him(Cool.); - Brrr! - Mazilov picked up a compass from the table(Cool.); - Yeah! - Think. - Remembered(Cool.);
- Ay-ay! - Avdanya shook his head(Cool.); Ugh! I remembered, damned(Cool.).
Particles may have the same sound as interjections. Particles that have an intensifying meaning, unlike interjections, are not separated by signs from the words to which they appear: Well come on, come here(Plat.); - Well, you have to! - Marya was still amazed(Shuksh.); Well, be happy(Shol.); Ay didn’t recognize?(Boon.); - Look, I blamed everything on them! - as if agreeing with the agronomist, said grandfather Pechenoe(Cool.); Okay, Trunya, that's enough.(Cool.); Oh, my will, my will!..(Shuksh.).
Note. Intensifying particles are not stressed; in pronunciation they merge with the following words, while interjections are always stressed and therefore independently formed; compare: Ah, that's it! So you have no organizational skills?(Cool.); It's too late. Gone... - Where? - And the devil knows them!(Shuksh.); Well, I scooped it up, took it out, and the mitten was floating in the bucket(Cool.). - Have you seen it? - Well, you saw it in the movies?(Shuksh.); Oh, it really is dawn(Gr.). - Oh, what are you. Sits and is silent(M.G.); Oh you goy, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich(L.); O beloved deceptions(Sick.). - “Oh, it’s going to be a big concert,” one of the men said.(Cool.).
In integral combinations that contain interjections, a comma is not placed inside: oh you, oh you, well, oh yes, oh and, wow, well, well, well, etc.: Oh, you unfortunate cooks!(Ch.); Well then, continue(Cat.); So what ? Tolstoy remained Tolstoy, Shakespeare remained Shakespeare(Cat.); Well, so be it. Now it's my turn(Cat.); Oh, these scientists!(Cool.); - “Well then,” she said to her mother-in-law.(Cool.); - What a joker woman, really! - said Vasily Kuzmich(Cool.).
Interjections before words how, what, in combination with them expressing a high degree of quality, are not separated by a comma: Wow, I'm so tired; Oh, so angry; Oh, how scary we are; Well, physicist, did I judge correctly?(Cool.); - Look what you are! - Emelyan Spiridonych measured the long Kuzma with a hateful gaze(Shuksh.); Well, as it is, and in his sleep he rave about his farm(Cool.).
Interjective set expressions are separated by commas: - Thank God, at least from this side they understood me - thought Posudin(Ch.); They conspired, or what, damn it! Get married! Perfect! I'm getting married to spite everyone!(A.T.).
An exclamation mark is also possible: - This is work, I understand! Damn it ! - suddenly exclaimed about n (Fad.).
Note. The expression thank God can mean “good, safe” and then it is not distinguished by signs: Today you could judge for yourself what a gift he has for words; and thank God that he doesn’t say much, he just cowers(T.).
It always surprises me when someone says, “I don’t read books.” Yes, there are many things in the world that occupy our time - movies, video games, media. But you should still find time to read. If you don't read books, you're missing out.
1. Reading improves imagination and creativity
When we read, we give new life to the written words - they are transformed in our imagination. We reintroduce the sights, sounds, and smells of a fascinating story. And this work develops the “creative muscles” of our brain - and there are few places where you can find such effective exercises.
2. Improved intelligence
Despite all the achievements of modern technology, reading remains the best way to learn and store information. Those who read more become smarter. They filled their heads with information that others do not have and would not have without books.
3. Reading can change your life
Some books can change your life in ways you might not expect. Books like The Catcher in the Rye, Lord of the Flies, and Flowers for Algernon made me see the world differently. These books had a profound effect on me, and I was changed by reading each of them. This is the power of reading - a journey into yourself, and not just through a fascinating plot. Just like after a trip, after such books, you are no longer the same as before.
4.Readers are sexy
According to research, women consider smart guys sexier than those with average intelligence. Intelligence is one of the most sought-after qualities that women look for in men. So, single guys, check out the bookstore!
5. The ability to empathize
It's hard to imagine yourself in someone else's shoes, especially if their world is very different from yours.
Reading is a great way to “look into another person’s head” and learn about their thoughts and feelings. Instead of looking at life from one point, you can look at the world through different eyes!
6. Wisdom
Every time you open a book, you fill your head with knowledge, facts, opinions, stories. Reading is like a continuous delivery of information. Along with this information, the reader also receives experience. Books are stories about someone's life lessons, about experiences gained. This is an opportunity for you to understand how the world works. By reading books, you become wiser.
7. Self-improvement
The more you read, the wider your vocabulary. It’s not surprising - after all, you regularly come across so many words in different books that you soon begin to use them in everyday life. Good readers are usually good writers themselves. Any successful writer will tell you that to improve your writing skills, you need to read every day. Moreover, reading helps improve self-confidence. It can help you in many areas of life, such as social relationships or career advancement.
8. Improved thinking skills
Reading enhances analytical thinking. People who read identify patterns faster than people who don't read. Reading makes your mind sharper and strengthens the synapses in your brain, because it also trains your memory. In other words, your brain gets stronger and faster because you read.
9. Improved attention and concentration
Most of us are accustomed to “multitasking” and have learned to divide our attention between TV, the Internet, telephone and a lot of other things. But this way we lose the ability to focus on one important thing at the right time. Reading a book improves your ability to concentrate. After all, the book itself requires full concentration, because if you are distracted, you lose the thread of the story.
10. People who read have a better chance of success.
You can probably find successful people who don't read books. But it's difficult. Remember famous scientists, businessmen, writers, politicians. If they all have a common interest, it is reading.
11. Generating ideas
Ideas are a powerful engine. Scientific and technical achievements are based on them. They solve world problems and cure diseases. Ideas can change our lives. When you read, you get many new thoughts. These thoughts swirl around in your head - and help you create your own amazing idea.
12. Reading will help you set your priorities correctly.
Reading opens up new possibilities for you. You will read about new adventures, a different way of life - about different things that you had never even thought about before. Perhaps you will think about it and realize that you want to change your life and set other goals for yourself. And what is important in your life is not at all what you previously put in first place.
13. Live multiple lives
People who don't read can only live their own lives. Readers have access to many, many lives - real or fictional characters. We can feel what they felt, experience what they experienced.
Our own life experiences make us stronger and wiser. But if you only live one life, you are depriving yourself of other people's experiences and lessons from their lives.
14. Improved mental health
Just like the muscles in the body, the brain needs a boost to stay healthy and strong. Research has shown that mental activities such as reading can slow down (or even prevent) Alzheimer's disease and dementia. And people who read a lot during their lives experience much later age-related decline in memory and mental abilities, compared to those who did not like to read.
15. Around the world without leaving home
Traveling is the best way to get to know other peoples and cultures. And the second best way is reading. It can open up a whole new world for you - right outside your doorstep. A lot of books have been written about different countries; you can read about any corner of the globe and get acquainted with the life of different peoples through books.
16. Improved physical health
We usually read in silence, alone with ourselves. When you are captivated by a good book, you are in a state close to meditation. Reading is relaxing and calming. The result is a reduction in stress and normalization of blood pressure. People who read suffer less from mood disorders.
17. More topics to talk about
The more you learn about new topics, stories, and opinions, the easier it becomes to strike up conversations. After all, you have an endless source of new discussion material at your fingertips!
18. Explore yourself
Have you heard the expression “lost in a book”? Reading is an active process, and you yourself are actively involved in it, as if participating in the action. You can learn a lot about yourself through reading. For example, you may ask yourself what you would do if you were in the book's place. And the answer may surprise you.
19. Expand your horizons
If you don't read, then your world is small. You only know a small fraction of what is happening around you. Reading will reveal to you how big the world really is. There are many subjects that I knew nothing about. It was only when I started reading about them that I realized how little I knew before!
Thousands of books are printed every month. Add to this blog posts and magazine articles. You can always find something to suit your taste among this variety. Moreover, now there is nothing easier than becoming a reader. Libraries are everywhere - and they are free! Now there are digital copies of books, which means you don’t even have to go to the library.
So, given all the benefits of reading listed, there is no reason not to read.
Appeal- this is a word or phrase that names a person (less often, an object) to whom speech is addressed.
1. The appeal can be expressed in one word or in more than one word.
One word appeal can be expressed by a noun or any part of speech in the function of a noun in the nominative case, non-single-word address may include words dependent on this noun or an interjection about:
For example:
Dear granddaughter, why do you rarely call me?
Waiting for a flight from Sochi, go to the arrivals area.
Again I am yours, oh young friends! (title of A. S. Pushkin’s elegy).
2. An address can be expressed by a noun in the indirect case if it denotes a characteristic of the object or person to whom the speech is addressed.
For example: Hey, in a hat, are you the last one?
Appeals can be expressed in special, descriptive phrases, which are distinguished as ordinary appeals-names: – Hey, on a scow!– Reg (Green) said; - Hey, who is stronger there, come here, to the gate(P. Kapitsa).
3. Personal pronouns you and you, as a rule, do not act as addresses: they perform the function of the subject if they have predicate verbs.
For example: If you, reader, love autumn, then you know that in the fall the water in the rivers acquires a bright blue color from the cold.(Paust.) – the appeal is reader, and the pronoun You combines with verb you love.
Pronouns You , You can accept the call function in the following cases:
A) in constructions with a separate definition or attributive clause: You, the third from the edge, with a mop on your forehead, I don’t know you. I love you!(Vozn.); You, whose wide greatcoats resembled sails, whose spurs and voices rang merrily, and whose eyes, like diamonds, left a mark on the heart, are the charming dandies of yesteryear.(Color);
b) when used independently, usually with interjections hey, well, eh and etc.: Eh, you women, women! Your heads are crazy(Cool.); - Oh, you! And don’t you hate sitting next to Chebukhaika? - he says as he walks(Cool .); Tsits, you! She is no longer your servant(M.G.); “He has a headache,” Bayev sympathized with his heart. - Ehh... you. Residents!(Shuksh.);
V) as part of other requests: Dear friend, you are mine, don't be ashamed...(Fad.); My darling(Shuksh.).
The address is not grammatically related to the sentence and is not a member of the sentence.
Punctuation marks for addresses
1. Appeals are usually highlighted (or separated) by commas, and with special emotional stress - by an exclamation mark after the appeal.
For example: Congratulations, comrades, on your safe arrival(Paust.)
“Don’t go, Volodya,” said Rodion.(Ch.).
Goodbye, it's time, my joy! I'll jump off now, conductor(Past.) . Quiet, wind. Don't bark, water glass(Es.). Gain your sight, sighted comrade, by the lake in the drainage waters(Vozn.).
Vocative intonation is enhanced if the address is placed at the end of the sentence.
For example:
- Hello, brothers! - he said(Ch.);
Farewell, it's time for the outskirts! Life is a change of ashes(Vozn.).
2. Multiple hits are separated by commas or exclamation points.
For example: " My dear, my darling, my torment, my longing "- she read (Ch.); Goodbye, my happiness, my short-lived happiness! (Cupr.); Proletarian! Poor brother... When you receive this letter, I will already be leaving(Ch.).
Addresses connected by a conjunction And , are not separated by commas.
For example: Weep tavern violins and harps (Vozn).
3. If after the appeal there is a definition or application, then it is separated; such a definition is perceived as a second appeal.
For example: Grandpa, dear where have you been? (Spread); Miller, my dear, stand up. Lights on the shore! (Paust.).
4. The parts of the dissected circulation are highlighted separately, each on its own.
For example: Hear me, darling, hear me, beautiful, my evening dawn, unquenchable love! (Isa.); ABOUT, my neglected, thank you and kiss you, hands of the Motherland, timidity, friendship, family (Past.).
5. If the address ends an interrogative sentence, then a question mark is placed after it.
For example: Do you hear? Dmitry Petrovich? I will come to you in Moscow(Ch.); When will Kara-Ada finally arrive, captain?(Paust.); What's wrong with you, blue sweater?(Vozn.); Did you pray at night, birch? Did you pray at night? overturned lakes Senezh, Svityaz and Naroch? Have you prayed at night? Cathedrals of the Intercession and Dormition? (Vozn.).
6. Particles oh, ah, ah etc., standing before the appeals, are not separated from them.
For example: Oh my darling, my gentle, beautiful garden! (Ch.).
“Prosh, and Prosh!” called Prokhor Abramovich(Payment).
Ah Nadya, Nadenka, we would be happy...(OK.).
O whirlwind, feel all the depths and hollows(Past.).
O grapes of retribution! I soared in one gulp to the West - I am the ashes of an uninvited guest!(Vozn.).
Oh youth, phoenix, fool, the diploma is all in flames!(Vozn.).
O beloved deceptions of the heart, delusions of infancy! On the day when the meadows turn green, I have no escape from you(Sick.).
7. If there is an interjection before the address (unlike a particle, it is accentuated), then it is separated by a comma or an exclamation mark.
For example:
“Oh, dear Nadya,” Sasha began his usual afternoon conversation.(Ch.);
- Hey, three octagons for thread, go get a bolt! – From that day on, Zakhar Pavlovich was called by the nickname “Three Osmushki for Carving”(Payment). The word about can also act as an interjection (in the meaning Oh ): ABOUT, my lost freshness, riot of eyes and flood of feelings (Es.).
An interjection (as a call for attention) can itself act as an appeal.
For example: Hey, watch out! You'll create a closure!(Vozn.).
- Hey, be careful there! - Stepakha shouted(Cool.).
Where? What are you doing? Hey!(Shuksh.).
8. After an address, which is a separate vocative sentence (Sentence-address, i.e. a one-part sentence in which the main and only member is the name of the person - the addressee of the speech), an ellipsis or an exclamation mark is placed - single or in combination with an ellipsis.
For example: - Miller! – Shatsky whispered(Paust.); Anya, Anya!(Ch.); – Sing!.. – Lyalka is at the window again(Shuksh.);
- Mother... And mother! - he called his old woman(Shuksh.); “Brothers...” he said quietly, and his voice broke.(Paust.).
Lecture 66 Appeal
The lecture gives the concept of address and punctuation marks for them.
Appeal
The lecture gives the concept of address and punctuation marks for them.
Lecture outline
66.1. The concept of conversion
66.2. Punctuation when addressing
66.1. The concept of conversion
An address is a name in the form of the nominative case, a possibility with word forms dependent on it, as part of a sentence or in a relatively independent position with it, naming the one to whom the speech is addressed.
This can be the name of a person, living creature, inanimate object or phenomenon.
Old man! I have heard many times that you saved me from death. (Lermontov)
Give me your paw, Jim, for luck. (Yesenin)
Open up, thought! Become a muse, word. (Zabolotsky)
An appeal can be included in a sentence of any structure.
An appeal can open a sentence, be in its middle or at the end.
If the speech is addressed to several persons or objects, then several addresses can be introduced into the sentence:
Sing, people, cities and rivers.
Sing, mountains, steppes and fields! (Surkov)
Several addresses to one addressee are common if they are expressive:
Friend of my harsh days, my decrepit friend! Alone in the wilderness of pine forests, you have been waiting for me for a long, long time. (Pushkin)
The role of address is most often a noun; however, the address can also be an adjective (less often a participle):
Unfaithful, crafty, insidious - dance! (Block)
In colloquial speech, the form of the nominative case of a noun - a proper name or the name of a person in address - can appear with cutting off inflection: mom, Val, Kol; in these cases it is usual to repeat the address by means of a connecting and accentuating particle A:
Mom, mom, here!
The same particle also connects non-truncated forms:
- Lady, oh lady! - the policeman began again. (Dostoevsky)
An address expressed by a noun, adjective or participle may include the possessive pronoun my, introducing an expressive connotation of personal closeness to the speaker:
Mother is my native land,
My forest side
The land of recent childhood years,
Father's land, are you there or not? (Tvardovsky)
A word with an evaluative or qualitatively characterizing meaning in the position of address can be combined with a second person pronoun:
Understand, you eccentric, that you are wrong;
Have pity on him, you insensitive woman!
The address can be expressed by a pronoun - a noun:
Look at me, everyone! (Dostoevsky)
In combination with a name:
You, Vasya, and you, Fedot, let’s head to Lebyazhya tomorrow. (Shegrin)
The function of address can be a combination with a relative pronoun, the form coinciding with a subordinate clause:
Who can, to the square, to the city!
Whoever can, get up! (Fedin)
Addresses expressed by a single second-person pronoun convey an expression of rudeness or familiarity:
Go for the pole, you! (Turgenev)
The position of address in casual, familiar speech can be occupied by a word form that names a person based on an external, situational attribute, usually random:
Hey, wizard, do you speak German? (Annensky)
An isolated address - alone or in combination with a particle, interjection, pronounced with the appropriate intonation, can acquire independent communicative significance - to express an appeal, affection, threat, reminder, surprise:
(Chekhov)
66.2. Punctuation when addressing
The address, together with the words related to it, is separated by commas:
My poems, run, run. I need you more than ever. (Parsnip)
If the address at the beginning of a sentence is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, then an exclamation mark is placed after it, and the word following the address is written with a capital letter.
The village suffering is in full swing.
Share you, Russian woman's share!
Hardly any more difficult to find. (Nekrasov)
If the appeal is common and its parts are separated from each other by parts of the sentence, then each part of the appeal is separated by commas:
I remember, little blue one, spinning, little dove, above me! (Nikolaev)
Particle O, standing before the address, is not separated from it by any sign.
O knight! The great people are proud of your deeds. (Tolstoy)
Particle A no comma is separated before repeated references:
Ivan, oh Ivan! Help me please.
If O And A act as interjections, then in accordance with the rules they are separated by a comma or exclamation mark:
Oh, my sadness, sadness! Have pity on the orphan!
Personal pronouns you you, as a rule, are part of a common address and only in some cases can act as an address independently:
Oh, you share, oh you, share, the share of the poor!
You are heavy, joyless, heavy, bitter. (Surikov)
Hey, come together, dashing friends!
The main function of address is vocative. However, an appeal can simultaneously convey an expressive-emotional attitude (rhetorical appeal).
Conclusions to lecture No. 66
An address is a word or combination of words that names the person being addressed.
- If the appeal at the beginning of the sentence is pronounced with a special feeling, then an exclamation point is placed after it.
Friends! Friends! What a division in the country, what sadness in the joyful boiling! (Yesenin)
- Words lord, citizen, comrade and particle O, standing before the address, a comma is not separated from it.
Peace, peace to you, O shadow of the poet... (Tyutchev)
- Personal pronouns you you usually do not act as appeals.
If you, reader, love autumn, then you know that in autumn the water in rivers turns a bright blue color from the cold. (Paustovsky) (reader - address, you are the subject)
| Date: 2010-05-22 10:22:29 | Views: 1681 |
