Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-1.jpg" alt=">Russian vocabulary from the point of view of its origin and use">!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-2.jpg" alt=">Formation of Russian vocabulary The vocabulary of the Russian language has evolved over many years"> Формирование русской лексики Словарный состав русского языка складывался в течение многих веков. Существует два основных пути формирования лексики: 1) прямой путь, при котором из имеющихся в языке элементов возникают исконно русские слова (каменщик) 2) путь заимствования, при котором новые слова приходят со стороны, из других языков (кино)!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-3.jpg" alt="> Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its origin Originally"> Лексика русского языка с точки зрения её происхождения Исконно русская Заимствованная!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-4.jpg" alt=">Original Russian vocabulary (words that were formed directly in the Russian language) Common Slavic words"> Исконно русская лексика (слова, которые образовались непосредственно в русском языке) Общеславянские слова Восточнославянские (сущ. до V-VI вв.) (древнерусские) слова 1. Названия лиц по родству (возникли в XI – XIV вв.) (мать) Входят слова, общие для 2. Названия занятий, людей русского, украинского и по роду деятельности белорусского языков (пастух) (дядя, кошка, цветок) 3. Названия жилища, одежды, домашней Собственно русские слова утвари (дом, свеча) (появились с XIV в. после 4. Названия пищи, деления восточных славян продуктов (молоко, каша) на русских, украинцев, белорусов) ребёнок, 5. Названия предметов с/х, ласточка, сказка… растений, животных (берёза) 6. Названия предметов и явлений природы (гора)!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-5.jpg" alt=">Borrowed vocabulary (words that came into the Russian language from other languages) Old Slavonicisms"> Заимствованная лексика (слова, пришедшие в русский язык из других языков) Старославянизмы Слова из других (слова, пришедшие из языков: старославянского- * из греческого древнейшего языка * из латинского славян) – * из тюркского распространился в конце * из скандинавских X века после принятия христианства на Руси (шведского, норвежского) * из западноевропейских (голландского, немецкого, французского, английского, итальянского, испанского…)!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-6.jpg" alt="> Vocabulary from the point of view of origin">!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-7.jpg" alt=">Differences between Old Church Slavonic words and native Russian ones Old Slavonicisms Primordial Russian Grad"> Отличия старославянских слов от исконно русских Старославянизмы Исконно русские Град Город Здравствуй Здоровый Злато Золото Брег Берег Ладья Лодка Растение Рост Вождь Вожак Хождение Хожу Освещение Свеча Единый Один Есень Осень!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-8.jpg" alt=">Features of Old Slavonicisms Phonetic: Derivational:"> Признаки старославянизмов Фонетические: Словообразовательные: Приставки воз-, из-, низ- -ра- /оро град (город) пре-, пред-, чрез- (изнемогать, воздать) -ла-/оло власть (волость) -ре-/ере бремя (беремя) Суффиксы -ени-, -енств-, -еств, -знь, -изн-, -ни(е), - Начальное ра-/ло-/ ла-/ло- тель, -ч(ий), -ын(я) (лодка) (единение, жизнь, -жд/-ж чуждый (чужой) кормчий) -щ/-ч освещение (свеча) -айш-, -ейш-, -ащ-, -ющ, - Начальные а-, е-, ю – в ущ-, им-, -ом-, -енн- начале слова (добрейший, ведомый) агнец(ягненок), един(один) юродивый (уродливый) Части сложных слов: зло- благо-, бого-, велико-, грехо-(богобоязненный)!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-9.jpg" alt=">Borrowed words Old Slavonicisms Abstract concepts (goodness, generosity, time, mercy , compassion) Scientific concepts"> Заимствованные слова Старославянизмы Отвлечённые понятия (благо, великодушие, время, милосердие, сострадание) Научные понятия (вселенная, искусство, истина, сознание, правило) Церковно-религиозные понятия (Воскресение, храм, порок, жертва)!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-10.jpg" alt=">Languages ​​of borrowings 1 option. Greco-Latin borrowings 2 option. Turkic and Scandinavian borrowings 3"> Языки заимствований 1 вариант. Греко-латинских заимствования 2 вариант. Тюркские и скандинавские заимствования 3 вариант. Голландские, немецкие и французские заимствования 4 вариант. Английские, итальянские и испанские заимствования!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-11.jpg" alt=">Greek borrowings From the 9th to the 11th centuries from the field of religion (angel,"> Греческие заимствования В период с IX по XI в. из области религии (ангел, икона), научные термины (философия), бытовые наименования (баня, фонарь), наименования растений и животных (кедр, крокодил), из области искусства и науки (хорей, комедия, физика)!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-12.jpg" alt=">Signs of Greekisms 1. Sound f (philosophy) 2. Initial e (ethics) 3. Combinations ps,"> Признаки грецизмов 1. Звук ф (философия) 2. Начальное э (этика) 3. Сочетания пс, кс (психика, икс) 4. Корни авто-, -логос, фото-, аэро-, антропо-, фило- и др. (философия) 5. Приставки а-, анти-, пан- и др. (антитеза)!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-13.jpg" alt="> Latin borrowings Latin is the language of Ancient Rome (5th - 6th centuries"> Латинские заимствования Латынь – язык Древнего Рима (5 – 6 века до н. э.) Пришли в период с XVI по XVIII в. Приметы латинских слов– конечные - ум, -ус, -ция, -тор, -ура, -ент: пленум, корпус, конституция, автор, новатор, документ, конус, цензура, диктатура.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-14.jpg" alt=">Turkic borrowings Most of the words of Turkic-Tatar origin were borrowed during Tatar"> Тюркские заимствования Большая часть слов тюркско- татарского происхождения заимствована во время татарского нашествия (13 – 14 века). Тюрксизмы вошли в наш язык устным путем. Это названия одежды: тулуп, сарафан, чулок, башлык; слова, связанные с хозяйством, бытом: амбар, сарай, очаг, чугун, карандаш. названия кушаний: изюм, балык, шашлык, арбуз, баклажан, лапша; «торговые слова»: деньги, безмен, аршин, товар.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-15.jpg" alt=">Signs of Turkisms Vowel harmony (synharmonism) - natural use in one word only one vowel"> Признаки тюркизмов Гармония гласных (сингармонизм) - закономерное употребление в одном слове гласных только одного ряда: заднего [а], [у] или переднего [э], [и]: атаман, караван, сундук, каблук, мечеть, бисер.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-16.jpg" alt=">Borrowings from Scandinavian languages ​​(Swedish, Norwegian languages) Words ü trade vocabulary, ü"> Заимствования из скандинавских языков (шведские, норвежские языки) Слова ü торговой лексики, ü морские, бытовые (сельдь, пуд, якорь), ü собственные имена (Игорь, Олег, Рюрик)!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-17.jpg" alt=">From the Dutch language During the time of Peter I, mainly words related With"> Из голландского языка Во времена Петра I пришли в основном слова, связанные с морским делом: гавань, боцман, лоцман, компас, крейсер, буксир, матрос. Другие слова: брюки, зонт, ситец, кабель, трос, квитанция.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-18.jpg" alt=">From the German language In the 17th – 18th centuries in connection with reforms Peter I German"> Из немецкого языка В XVII –XVIII вв. в связи с реформами Петра I Немецкие слова пополнили русскую военную лексику: штык, фронт, солдат, шомпол, штурм. Немало слов пришло из языка немецких ремесленников: слесарь, рубанок, стамеска, верстак, планка, клейстер.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-19.jpg" alt="> Signs of Germanisms 1. Combinations th, sht, xt, sh, ft: mail, fine,"> Признаки германизмов 1. Сочетания чт, шт, хт, шп, фт: почта, штраф, вахта, шпроты, ландшафт; 2. Начальное ц: цех, цинк 3. Сложные слова без соединительной гласной: бутерброд, лейтмотив 4. Конечное – мейстер: концетрмейстер!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-20.jpg" alt=">From the French language In the 18th – 19th centuries. Everyday words and from"> Из французского языка В XVIII – XIX вв. Бытовые слова и из области искусства (браслет, пальто, туалет, пьеса, афиша)!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-21.jpg" alt=">Signs of French borrowings: 1. Emphasis on the last syllable: marmalade, pavilion 2. End -o,"> Признаки французских заимствований: 1. Ударение на последнем слоге: мармелад, павильон 2. Конечные -о, -и, -е в неизменяемых словах: пюре, манто 3. Сочетание уа: вуаль, эксплуатация 4. Сочетания бю, рю, вю, ню, фю: трюмо, пюпитр, гравюра 5. Сочетания он, ан, ен, ам: медальон, контроль, антракт конечные -ер, -аж, -анс, -ант: пейзаж, режиссер, ренессанс, дебютант!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-22.jpg" alt=">From English Under Peter I, our maritime vocabulary was also expanded: emergency ,"> Из английского языка При Петре I также пополнили нашу морскую лексику: аврал, яхта, мичман, трал, танкер, катер. В XIX – XX вв. из общественной жизни, технические и спортивные: митинг, клуб, вокзал, плед, кекс, футбол, волейбол, нокаут, рекорд, тайм, раунд, теннис, хоккей, финиш!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-23.jpg" alt=">Signs of Anglicisms: 1. Combinations tch, j: match, jazz 2. Combinations wa,"> Признаки англицизмов: 1. Сочетания тч, дж: матч, джаз 2. Сочетания ва, ви, ве: ватман, виски, вельвет 3. Конечные -инг, -мен, -ер: брифинг, бизнесмен, таймер!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-24.jpg" alt=">From Italian and Spanish 1. From Italian mainly musical terminology( aria, tenor,"> Из итальянского и испанского 1. Из итальянского в основном музыкальная терминология(ария, тенор, карнавал), бытовые слова (макароны, вермишель) 2. Из испанского заимствований небольшое количество, связанная с искусством и продуктами питания (гитара, серенада, мантилья, карамель, томат)!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-25.jpg" alt=">Determine the borrowing language 1. Bazaar, fog, beads, caravan , chest, shoe; 2. Bet, chassis, blinds,"> Определите, язык заимствования 1. Базар, туман, бисер, караван, сундук, башмак; 2. Пари, шасси, жалюзи, павильон, манто, резервуар, тротуар, силуэт, авеню, пилотаж, макияж 3. Митинг, прессинг, пудинг, бриджи, бюджет, киллер, брокер 4. Факт, форма, автограф, антибиотик, панорама!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-26.jpg" alt=">1. vowel synharmonicity is a phonetic feature of the Turkic languages. 2. final stressed -e, -e, -o"> 1. сингармонизм гласных – фонетическая примета тюркских языков. 2. конечное ударное -е, -э, -о при неизменяемости слов, сочетания –уэ, - уа, конечное –аж во французском 3. конечное –инг, -ер, сочетание –дж- - приметы английского языка 4. из греческого!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-27.jpg" alt="> Common vocabulary is words whose use is not limited to any territory"> Общеупотребительная лексика – это слова, использование которых не ограничено ни территорией распространения, ни родом деятельности людей, ни их социальной принадлежностью. Она составляет основу словарного состава русского языка. Слова понятны и доступны каждому носителю языка и могут быть использованы в самых разных условиях, без какого бы то ни было ограничения (вода, земля, хлеб, сад)!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-28.jpg" alt="> Vocabulary of a limited scope of use is widespread within a certain area or"> Лексика ограниченной сферы употребления распространена в пределах определённой местности или в кругу людей, объединяемых профессией, социальными признаками, общими интересами, времяпрепровождением и т. д. (пимы, орфография, зачётка)!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-29.jpg" alt="> Obsolete words Historicisms Archaisms (out of use,"> Устаревшие слова Историзмы Архаизмы (вышли из употребления, т. к. (названия вытеснены исчезли предметы и синонимами) явления ими обозначаемые) Примеры: сей –этот, Примеры: армяк, уста- губы, выя -шея крепостной, пасадник!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-30.jpg" alt="> Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its use"> Лексика русского языка с точки зрения её употребления Общеупотребительная Лексика ограниченного употребления!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-31.jpg" alt="> Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its"> Лексика русского языка с точки зрения её употребления Общеупотребительная Лексика ограниченного употребления Диалектизмы Профессиона Жаргонизмы лизмы Термины!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-32.jpg" alt="> Dialectisms (from the Greek diaλextos - dialect, adverb) are words characteristic"> Диалектизмы (от греч. diaλextos – говор, наречие) – это слова, свойственные местным говорам и стоящие за пределами нормированного литературного языка!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-33.jpg" alt="> Professionalisms - words and expressions that are not strictly legal, scientific definitions"> Профессионализмы - слова и выражения, которые не являются строго узаконенными, научными определениями тех или иных профессиональных понятий, но широко используются специалистами в той или иной области!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-34.jpg" alt="> slang vocabulary (jargonisms) are artificial, sometimes conventional words, used"> жаргонная лексика (жаргонизмы) - это искусственные, иногда условные слова, используемые членами какой-то социальной или иной группы, объединённой общими интересами!}

Vocabulary from the point of view of its origin

Parameter name	Meaning
Article topic:	Vocabulary from the point of view of its origin
Rubric (thematic category)	Education

The lexical system of the modern Russian language did not arise immediately. The process of its formation was very long and complex.

New words are constantly appearing in the Russian language, but there are also many in it whose history goes back to the distant past. These ancient words are an integral part of the modern dictionary as a group of the original vocabulary of the Russian language.

The following genetic groups of words from the original vocabulary of the Russian language (original Russian vocabulary) are distinguished: 1) Indo-European (Indo-Europeanisms); 2) common Slavic (common Slavicisms); 3) East Slavic / Old Russian (East Slavicisms / Old Russianisms) and 4) Russian proper (Russianisms).

Indo-European vocabulary (Indo-Europeanisms) are words that have been preserved in modern Russian since the era of the Indo-European community (2nd millennium BC) and, as a rule, have correspondences in other Indo-European languages:

– terms of kinship. For example: mother, father, son, daughter;

- animals. For example: sheep, mouse, wolf, pig.

Common Slavic vocabulary (Common Slavicisms) are words whose existence dates back to the era of the Common Slavic language (before the 6th century AD). These include:

– some names of parts of the human body (eye, heart, beard, etc.);

– some names of animals (rooster, nightingale, horse, fallow deer, etc.);

– words denoting natural phenomena and periods of time (spring, evening, winter, etc.);

– names of plants (tree, branch, oak, linden, etc.);

– names of colors (white, black, light brown, etc.);

– words naming settlements, buildings, tools, etc. (house, canopy, floor, shelter, etc.);

– names of sensory sensations (warm, sour, stale, etc.).

East Slavic (Old Russian) vocabulary (East Slavicisms and Old Russianisms) - words that appeared in the Russian language during the period of settlement of the Slavs in Eastern Europe (VI–IX centuries), as well as during the formation of the Old Russian language (IX–XIV centuries .).

Russian vocabulary proper (Rus'isms) are words that appeared in the language of the Great Russian people (XIV–XVII centuries) and the national Russian language (from the mid-17th century to the present).

Along with the original vocabulary in the Russian language, there are groups of words borrowed from other languages ​​at different times. Borrowed vocabulary is also genetically heterogeneous. It consists of Old Church Slavonic and non-Slavic (foreign) words.

Borrowing is the transition of elements from one language to another as a result of language contacts and interaction of languages. Borrowed words are mastered by the borrowing language, adapting to its features. During this adaptation, they are assimilated to such an extent that their foreign origin may not be felt at all and is discovered only by etymologists. For example: gang, hearth, shoe, Cossack (Turkic). In contrast to completely assimilated (mastered) words, foreign words retain traces of foreign language origin in the form of unique sound, spelling and grammatical features. Often, foreign words denote rarely used, special concepts, as well as concepts characteristic of foreign countries and peoples. For example: cynology is the field of scientific knowledge about dogs, their breeds and caring for them, hippology is the field of scientific knowledge about horses, kimono is a Japanese men's and women's dress in the form of a robe, guava is a fruit plant from tropical America.

Slavic borrowings are usually divided into Old Church Slavonicisms and Slavicisms.

Old Church Slavonic borrowings (Old Church Slavonicisms) became widespread in Rus' after the adoption of Christianity, at the end of the 10th century. Οʜᴎ came from the closely related Old Church Slavonic language, which for a long time was used in a number of Slavic states as a literary written language used to translate Greek liturgical books. Its South Slavic basis organically included elements from the Western and East Slavic languages, as well as many borrowings from Greek. From the very beginning, this language was used primarily as the language of the church (for this reason it is sometimes called Church Slavonic or Old Church Bulgarian). From the Old Slavonic language into Russian came, for example, church terms (priest, cross, rod, sacrifice, etc.), many words denoting abstract concepts (power, grace, harmony, disaster, virtue, etc.).

In the Russian language there are Slavicisms - words borrowed at different times from Slavic languages: Belarusian (Belarusianism), Ukrainian (Ukrainianism), Polish (Polonizmy), etc.
Posted on ref.rf
For example: borscht (Ukrainian), dumplings (Ukrainian), dumplings (Ukrainian), kofta (Polish), shtetl (Polish), monogram (Polish), bekesha (Venᴦ.), khutor (Venᴦ.) .

Since ancient times, through language contacts on everyday, economic, political, and cultural grounds, the Russian language also included borrowed elements from unrelated languages.

There are several classifications of foreign language borrowings.

Taking into account the dependence of the degree of mastery of foreign words, their structure and peculiarities of functioning, borrowed words, exoticisms and barbarisms are distinguished.

Borrowed words are words that have been completely (graphically, phonetically (orthoepicically), semantically, word-formatively, morphologically, syntactically) assimilated into the successor language.

Taking into account the dependence on structure, three groups of borrowed words are distinguished:

1) words that structurally coincide with foreign language samples. For example: junior (fr.
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junior), anaconda (Spanish anaconda), darts (English darts);

2) words morphologically formed by affixes of the successor language. For example: tanket-k-a (fr.
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tankette), kibit-k-a (Tat. kibit);

3) words in which part of a foreign language word is replaced by a Russian element. For example: shorts (short-s; the Russian plural ending -ы replaces the English plural -s).

Exoticisms are words that are national names of household items, rituals, customs of a particular people or country. These words are unique and have no synonyms in the successor language. For example: cab - a one-horse carriage in England; geisha - in Japan: a woman trained in music, dancing, the ability to conduct small talk and invited to the role of a hospitable hostess at receptions, banquets, etc.; dekhkanin - on Wed.
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Asia and Iran: peasant.

Barbarianisms (foreign language inclusions) are words, phrases and sentences that are in a foreign language environment, not mastered or poorly mastered by the successor language and transmitted in the successor language by means of the source language. For example: NB (nota bene) - ʼʼpay attentionʼʼ, happy end - ʼʼhappy endingʼʼ.

A special group consists of internationalisms - words presented in different, and not closely related, languages ​​(association, bureaucracy, etc.)

According to the source language, foreign language borrowings are divided into various groups.

Borrowings from Scandinavian languages ​​make up a small part in the Russian language. These include mainly maritime terms and trade vocabulary. For example: scrub (Dutch draaien), wake (Dutch kielwater), receipt (Dutch kvitantie).

Borrowings from the Greek language (Grecisms) began to penetrate into the original vocabulary during the period of pan-Slavic unity. There were significant borrowings from the fields of religion, science, and everyday life in the period from the 9th to the 11th centuries. and later. Later borrowings relate mainly to the fields of art and science. For example: apathy (Greek apatheia), apocrypha (Greek apokryphos), helium (Greek hēlios), dolphin (Greek delphis (delphinos)), cypress (Greek kyparissos).

Borrowings from Turkic languages ​​(Turkic languages) penetrated into the Russian language both as a result of the development of trade and cultural ties, and as a result of military clashes. The main part of Turkisms are words that came from the Tatar language (this is explained by historical conditions - the Tatar-Mongol yoke). For example: ambal (Arabic hammal), goitered gazelle (Kazakh žijrän), dzhigit (Turkic jigit), donkey (Turkic äšäk), caravan (Tat.), mound (Tat.), chest (Tat.).

Borrowings from the Latin language (Latinisms) mainly replenished the Russian language in the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries. For example: vote (Latin vōtum), hegemon (Greek hēgemōn), quint (Latin quinta).

Borrowings from the English language (Anglicisms) date back to the 19th–20th centuries. A significant part of words related to the development of social life, technology, sports, etc., entered the Russian language in the 20th century. For example: volleyball, dandy, cutter.

Borrowings from the French language (Gallicism) of the 18th–19th centuries. - ϶ᴛᴏ everyday vocabulary. For example: accessory (fr.
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accessoir), gallop (fr.
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galop), decorator (fr.
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de´corateur).

Borrowings from Germanic languages ​​(Germanisms) are represented by a number of words from trade, military, everyday vocabulary and words from the field of art and science. For example: equipment (German: Apparatur), guardhouse (German: Hauptwache), generals (German: Generalität).

Borrowings from the Italian language are represented mainly by musical terms. For example: allegro (Italian allegro), adagio (Italian adagio), soprano (Italian soprano), carriage (Italian carreta).

Borrowings from other languages. For example: karma (Sanskrit karma), chum salmon (Nanaisk. keta), kefir (Oset. k’æru), kimono (Japanese kimono), Maya (Japanese Amer.
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Indians), maina (Finnish mainas), fiesta (Spanish fiesta), castanets (Spanish castaňetas).

Loan words also include calques.

Tracing is the process of creating words from original material according to foreign language models. Calque words are formed by replacing each meaningful part of a foreign word with a morpheme found in the Russian language. For example: the components of the Latin word in-sect-um are replaced accordingly by the Russian components na-sekom-oe.

Derivational tracings are words that arose as a result of translating foreign words into morphological parts while preserving the derivational structure of the borrowed word. In this case, only the word-formation structure of the word is borrowed. For example: the French solid-ite´ in Russian is morphemically replaced by the word density; self-service (English) – self-service; sky-scraper (English) – sky-scraper, selbst-kosten (German) – self-cost, etc.

Semantic tracings are words that acquire additional meaning under the influence of the corresponding foreign language language pattern. For example: under the influence of the figurative meaning of the French word clou (nail) - ʼʼthe main bait of a theatrical performance, programʼʼ - the expressions nail of the season, nail of the concert appear in Russian; under the influence of the figurative meaning of the German word Plathform (platform) - ʼʼprogram, a set of principles of a political partyʼʼ in the Russian language the expression economic platform and similar ones appear.

Vocabulary from the point of view of its origin - concept and types. Classification and features of the category “Vocabulary from the point of view of its origin” 2017, 2018.

The Russian language, due to the similarity of roots, affixes, words, phonetic, grammatical and other linguistic features, is included in the modern Slavic family of languages, which falls into three groups:

· East Slavic (Ukrainian, Belarusian, Russian languages),

· West Slavic (modern Czech, Slovak, Polish, Kashubian, Serbo-Sorbian and dead Polabian languages),

· South Slavic (modern Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian languages, as well as the dead Old Church Slavonic language, which is included in this group conditionally, since it has features of groups of other languages).

This classification of Slavic languages ​​is based on the commonality of their origin and historical development. Modern Slavic languages ​​have their roots in the distant past, when they were united by ethnic and linguistic communities. The existence of a single common Slavic (or Proto-Slavic) language dates back to this period (approximately until the 7th century AD), which, in turn, dates back to an even earlier single Indo-European proto-language, which gave rise to the modern Indo-European family of languages ​​with numerous groups and subgroups.

Questions of the origin of Russian vocabulary and the path of its development are closely related to the origin and history of the Russian people. In addition to words that appeared in the Russian language relatively recently and are appearing at the present time, it contains many such linguistic units, the history of which takes us to the distant past of the Slavic tribes. These words (and more often their stems) are part of the modern Russian vocabulary as one of the original groups, i.e. vocabulary that has existed for a long time (from time immemorial). Several more groups of the original vocabulary of the Russian language are distinguished, as well as words that came from other languages ​​(i.e. borrowed vocabulary). Taking all this into account, lexicology names two main ways of vocabulary development: 1) the existence and constant emergence of original words and 2) the borrowing of words from other languages.

The original vocabulary of the Russian language. In accordance with the relatively established chronology of the development of the vocabulary of the Russian language, several tiers of native vocabulary are distinguished in it: Indo-European, Common Slavic, East Slavic (or Old Russian), and Russian proper.

Indo-European are words that, after the collapse of the Indo-European ethnic community (the end of the Neolithic era), were inherited by the ancient languages ​​of this language family, including the Common Slavic language. Thus, some kinship terms will be common to many Indo-European languages. : mother, Brother, daughter; names of animals, food products: sheep, bull, wolf, meat, bone etc.

Common Slavic (or Proto-Slavic) are words inherited by the Old Russian language from the language of the Slavic tribes.

For example, common Slavic names in Russian vocabulary are those associated with the plant world: oak , linden, spruce, pine, maple, ash, rowan, bird cherry, forest, pine forest, tree, leaf, branch, twig , bark, branch, root ; names of cultivated plants : millet, barley, oats, wheat , peas, poppy ; names of labor processes and tools: weave, forge, whip , hoe, shuttle ; names of the dwelling and its parts: house, canopy, floor, roof ; names of domestic and forest birds: chicken, rooster, goose, nightingale, starling, crow, sparrow ; names of food products: kvass, jelly, cheese, lard etc.

East Slavic (or Old Russian) are words that, starting from the 6th – 7th centuries. arose in the language of the Eastern Slavs (ancestors of modern Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians), who united by the 9th century. and formed a large state - Kievan Rus.

Such words include, for example, the names of various properties, qualities of an object, actions: dark, brown, gray, good , rumble; kinship terms, common names: stepdaughter, uncle, nephew , bast shoe, lace, gaff, churchyard; names of birds, animals: bullfinch, squirrel ; units of account: forty, ninety ; a series of words with a general temporal meaning: today, after , now b and etc.

Actually Russian all words (with the exception of borrowed ones) are called that appeared in the language already when it was formed first as the language of the Great Russian people (from the 14th century), and then as the national Russian language (from the 17th century).

Actually Russian will be, for example, the names of household items and food products: top, fork, wallpaper, cover, jam, cabbage rolls, flatbread , kulebyaka; names of natural phenomena, as well as plants, fruits, animals, birds, fish: blizzard, ice, swell, bad weather, bushes, Antonovka, muskrat, rook, chicken; names of actions: coo, influence, meet, explore , uproot, loom, thin out; names of the attribute of the object, as well as the attribute of the action, state, etc.: convex, idle, flabby, painstaking , special, close; suddenly, ahead, seriously, completely, by the way, briefly, in reality, one day; names of persons by occupation: carter , racer, mason, fireman, pilot, typesetter, serviceman and many others; names of abstract concepts: experience, circumlocution, deception, result, damage, neatness, caution and many other words with suffixes -ness, -stvo etc.

Borrowed words in Russian. Since ancient times, the Russian people have entered into cultural, trade, military, and political ties with other states, which could not but lead to linguistic borrowings. Gradually, the borrowed words were assimilated (from Lat. assimilar- strengthen, liken) with a borrowing language, became one of the commonly used words and were no longer perceived as foreign.

Nowadays words like bus, machine gun, activist or sugar, beets, sauna and others, are considered Russian, although they came: the first - from the German language, the second and third - from the French, and the last three from the Greek language. Such words as school(from Latin via Polish), artel(from Turkic languages) and many others. The national identity of the Russian language did not suffer at all from the penetration of foreign words into it, since borrowing is a completely natural way of enriching any language.

So, in turn, many words of the Russian language entered the languages ​​of other peoples.

Depending on which language certain words came from, two types of borrowings can be distinguished from Slavic languages ​​(i.e. related) and from non-Slavic languages.

The first type includes borrowings from the Old Church Slavonic language (sometimes in linguistic literature it is called Old Bulgarian), as well as from other Slavic languages ​​(for example, Polish, Bulgarian, Czech, etc.). The second type - from Greek, Latin, as well as Turkic, Scandinavian, Western European (Roman, Germanic, etc.) borrowings, etc.

The time of appearance of borrowings in the Russian language is also heterogeneous: some of them are early (they spread either during the period of pan-Slavic linguistic unity or during the development of the East Slavic language), others are later and (replenished the Russian vocabulary itself).

Borrowings from Slavic languages. Many words from related Slavic languages ​​entered the original vocabulary of the Russian language in different historical periods of its development.

One of the earliest, which played the most significant role in the subsequent formation and development of the Russian literary language, were borrowings from the Old Church Slavonic language, i.e. Old Slavonicisms.

Old Slavonic is a language that, starting from the 9th century, was used as a literary written language for the translation of Greek liturgical books and the introduction of the Christian religion in Slavic countries (for example, in Moravia, Bulgaria, Serbia, in Ancient Rus'). It was based on the Macedonian dialect of the ancient Bulgarian language by two Greek missionaries, the brothers Constantine (who took the name Cyril as a monk) and Methodius, prominent scientists of their time. The Old Church Slavonic language included elements from many living Slavic languages ​​of that time known to the Greek enlighteners, as well as from Greek, Latin and other languages.

Modern researchers note that it was a “sacred” language, i.e. normalized, functionally different from the vernacular language. Like any literary language, it was to a certain extent artificial, i.e. was a kind of “Slavic Latin”, opposed to Latin itself - the ancient Latin language, in which services were held in many European countries, including some Slavic ones (for example, Moravia), for which this language was alien and incomprehensible.

The Old Church Slavonic language, used from the very beginning as the language of the church, is also called Church Slavonic.

In Rus', the Old Church Slavonic language became widespread at the end of the 10th century, after the adoption of Christianity.

The boundaries of the use of this language (or rather, its Church Slavonic version) gradually expanded. He was influenced by the original Russian language. In the monuments of Old Russian writing (especially in chronicles), there are frequent cases of mixing Old Church Slavonic and Russian languages. This indicated that Old Church Slavonicisms were not alien borrowings and many of them were firmly established in the Russian language as closely related ones.

From the Old Church Slavonic language, for example, church terms came into Russian: priest, cross, rod, sacrifice, etc.; many words denoting abstract concepts: power, grace, harmony, universe, powerlessness, wandering, disaster, virtue, etc.

Old Church Slavonicisms borrowed by the Russian language are not all the same: some of them are Old Church Slavonic variants of words that already existed in the Common Slavic language (famine, enemy and etc.); others - actually Old Slavonic (cheeks, lips,Percy, lamb etc.), and the existing native words of the Russian language, synonymous with them, are different in their phonetic structure (cheeks, lips ) breasts, lamb). Finally, the so-called semantic Old Church Slavonicisms are distinguished, i.e. words that are common Slavic in time of their appearance, but which received a special meaning in the Old Church Slavonic language and with this meaning became part of the Russian vocabulary (sin, lord etc.).

Old Church Slavonicisms differ in phonetic, morphological and semantic characteristics.

So, to the main Phonetic features include:

1) disagreement, i.e. the presence of combinations –ra-, -la-, -re-, -le -, in place of the Russians -oro-, -olo-, -ere- -olo- within one morpheme: gate, gold, succession , captivity (cf. Russians: gate, gold, queue , outdated full );

2) combinations ra-, la- at the beginning of words in place of Russians ro-, lo -: equal,rook (cf.: exactly, boat );

3) under known conditions, a combination railway in place of the Russian and (from common Slavic dj): walking (I'm walking), leader denition (I drive);

4) consonant sch in place of the Russian h (from common Slavic tj): lighting(candle);

5) sound e under stress before hard consonants and in place of Russian e(o): sky (sky), finger (thimble);

6) sound e at the beginning of the word in place of Russian O: esen (autumn), ezero (lake), unit (one).

Morphological characteristics are Old Slavonic word-forming elements:

1) consoles car-( repay, return), from- (pour out, vomit, expel ),bottom- (overthrow, fall), through- ( excessive), pre-(despise, successor),pre-(deliberate);

2) suffixes -sti(e) (prosperity, disaster),-h(ii) (catcher), -zn ( execution, life), -those(A) ( battle), -ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -box- ( knowledgeable, melting, lying, talking);

3) the first parts of complex words characteristic of the Old Church Slavonic language: good-, god-, good-, evil-, sacrifice-, one- and etc. (grace, God-fearing, virtue, evil, sacrifice, uniformity ).

Old Church Slavonic words also have some semantic-stylistic features. For example, in comparison with similar original words of the Russian language, many Old Slavonic words retained their abstract meaning, that is, they remained in the sphere of book words, possessing a stylistic connotation of solemnity and elation.

Wed: breg (Russian shore), eke out (Russian drag), hand (Russian palms) gate (Russian gates), temple (Russian mansions) etc. Words of this type are some researchers, for example prof. G. O. Vinokur are called “Slavicisms in the stylistic sense,” i.e., “Slavicisms in use,” clearly separating them from “genetic” Slavicisms, i.e. by origin (Greek) genetikos- related to origin).

If we compare Old Church Slavonicisms with Russian variants, we can distinguish three groups of words:

a) Old Church Slavonic words, the Russian versions of which, although recorded in ancient monuments, are not commonly used: good - bologo, moisture - vologist etc.;

b) Old Church Slavonicisms, used along with the Russian version, which has a different meaning: citizen - city dweller, chief - head, ashes - gunpowder;

c) Old Church Slavonicisms, rarely used in modern language and having Russian variants with the same meaning: voice - voice, Vlas - hair, gate - gates, evil That - gold, young - young And. etc.

The words of the last group are Slavicisms both in origin and in stylistic use.

The role of stylistic Old Church Slavonicisms in the language is not the same. In poetic and prose works, they serve as a means of stylizing the era (i.e., helping to recreate the flavor of the time being described) or archaizing the style in a biblical-gospel manner. For example, in this function, A.S. Pushkin widely used Old Slavonicisms in “Boris Godunov”, A.K. Tolstoy in historical dramas, A.N. Tolstoy in “Peter I”, etc.

Old Slavonicisms can serve as a means of speech characterization of heroes (monks, church ministers). A striking example of this is the language of Pimen from “Boris Godunov” by A.S. Pushkin.

Old Slavonicisms can be used as a means of conveying freedom-loving ideas. This technique was used by Radishchev in his “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow.” He found a lively response in the civil lyrics of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov and other poets.

Old Church Slavonicisms are often used in poetic and prosaic (for example, journalistic) speech as a means of creating general emotional elation, special solemnity in the poem by A.S. Pushkin “The Bronze Horseman”, in the poems of M.Yu. Lermontov, V. Bryusov, A. Blok. It is for this purpose that M.Yu. Lermontov uses Slavicisms this one(the same one) young, threshold, sarcastic.

Introduction

Many years ago, restaurants did not have such an abundance of dishes as they do today. Currently, there are many different names of dishes that attract the attention of consumers. Store shelves are full of a variety of cookbooks, in which we can choose any recipe for cooking. Specialized restaurants are appearing that prepare dishes from a specific country. Such as sushi restaurants, Spanish, Mexican, Cuban and other cultures. Having tried the national dish, we can understand the very culture of the country. Everyone can find something to suit their taste, try exotic dishes with interesting names.

“Why is the dish called that way?” - this question has repeatedly caused discussions among people. But lately we no longer think about this question.

In this work we want to trace the relationship between the name of a dish and its meaning.

The problem of borrowing words is very relevant nowadays. The Russian language is heavily contaminated not only with foreign language vocabulary, but also with various jargons, which leads to the fact that we gradually forget the historically established literary Russian language, and we begin to rightfully consider foreign words to be native Russian.

The object of study of the course work is vocabulary from the point of view of its origin.

The subject of the study is the words in the names of dishes in the “Cookbook”.

The purpose of the course work is to analyze the origin of words in the names of dishes in the “Cookbook”.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Describe etymology as a science;

Consider the vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its origin;

Characterize native Russian and borrowed vocabulary;

Analyze the “Cookbook” from the point of view of the origin of the names of the dishes.

Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of origin

Original Russian vocabulary

The modern Russian language did not immediately develop into what it is today. The vocabulary of the modern Russian language has gone through a long path of formation and development. Our vocabulary consists not only of native Russian words, but also of words borrowed from other languages. Foreign language sources replenish and enrich the Russian language throughout the entire process of its historical development. Some borrowings occurred in ancient times, others - at a later time, including in our days.

Let us highlight two directions in which the Russian vocabulary was replenished.

1. New words were created from word-forming elements existing in the language (roots, suffixes, prefixes). This is how the original Russian vocabulary expanded and developed.

A word is considered primordial if it arose in the Russian language according to existing models or passed into it from an older predecessor language - Old Russian, Proto-Slavic or Indo-European. The history of the development of languages ​​is the history of their division. In ancient times (in the 6th - 5th millennium BC) there was an unwritten Indo-European language. Subsequently, the language of a group of European tribes that settled in different territories and spoke their own dialects of the Indo-European language became sufficiently isolated from the language of other tribes. The language of the tribes that are the ancestors of the Slavic peoples, also unwritten, is called Proto-Slavic. In the first millennium AD, tribes speaking the Proto-Slavic language spread widely throughout Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and gradually lost their linguistic unity. Approximately around the 6th - 7th centuries AD, the disintegration of the Proto-Slavic language into South Slavic, West Slavic and East Slavic (Old Russian) language groups is attributed. The Old Russian language becomes the language of the Old Russian people, who united in the 9th century into a single state - Kievan Rus. The original vocabulary includes all words that came into the modern Russian language from their ancestral languages.

2. New words poured into the Russian language from other languages ​​as a result of economic, political and cultural ties of the Russian people with other peoples - these are borrowings from Slavic and non-Slavic languages.

The original Russian vocabulary is heterogeneous in its origin: it consists of several layers that differ in the time of their formation.

The most ancient among native Russian words are Indo-Europeanisms - words preserved from the era of Indo-European linguistic unity. According to scientists, in the V-IV millennia BC. e. There was an ancient Indo-European civilization that united tribes living over a fairly vast territory. So, according to the research of some linguists, it extended from the Volga to the Yenisei, others believe that it was a Balkan-Danube, or southern Russian, localization. The Indo-European linguistic community gave rise to European and some Asian languages ​​(for example, Bengali, Sanskrit).

Words denoting plants, animals, metals and minerals, tools, forms of farming, types of kinship, etc. go back to the Indo-European proto-language: oak, salmon, goose, etc.

Another layer of native Russian vocabulary consists of common Slavic words, inherited by our language from common Slavic (proto-Slavic), which served as a source for all Slavic languages. This foundation language existed in prehistoric times in the territory between the Dnieper, Bug and Vistula rivers, inhabited by ancient Slavic tribes. By the VI-VII centuries. n. e. The common Slavic language collapsed, opening the way for the development of Slavic languages, including Old Russian. Common Slavic words are easily distinguished in all Slavic languages, the common origin of which is obvious in our time.

Among common Slavic words there are a lot of nouns. These are primarily concrete nouns: head, throat; field, mountain; sickle, pitchfork. There are also abstract nouns, but there are fewer of them: faith, will.

Other parts of speech in the common Slavic vocabulary include the following verbs: see, hear, grow, lie; adjectives: kind, young, old, wise, cunning; numerals: one, two, three; pronouns: I, you, we, you; pronominal adverbs: where, as well as some auxiliary parts of speech: above, a, and, yes, but, etc.

Common Slavic vocabulary has about two thousand words, however, this relatively small vocabulary constitutes the core of the Russian dictionary; it includes the most common, stylistically neutral words used both in oral and written speech.

The Slavic languages, which had their source in the ancient Proto-Slavic language, were separated into three groups according to their sound, grammatical and lexical features: southern, western and eastern.

The third layer of native Russian words consists of East Slavic (Old Russian) vocabulary, which developed on the basis of the language of the Eastern Slavs, one of the three groups of ancient Slavic languages. The East Slavic linguistic community developed by the 7th-9th centuries. n. e. on the territory of Eastern Europe. The Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian nationalities go back to the tribal unions that lived here. Therefore, the words remaining in our language from this period are known, as a rule, in both the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, but are absent in the languages ​​of the Western and Southern Slavs.

The East Slavic vocabulary includes: 1) names of animals and birds: dog, squirrel, jackdaw, drake, bullfinch; 2) names of tools: ax, blade; 3) names of household items: boot, ladle, casket, ruble; 4) names of people by profession: carpenter, cook, shoemaker, miller; 5) names of settlements: village, settlement and other lexical-semantic groups.

The fourth layer of native Russian words is the Russian vocabulary itself, which was formed after the 14th century, i.e., in the era of independent development of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. These languages ​​already have their own equivalents for words that belong to the Russian vocabulary proper.

Actually, Russian words are distinguished, as a rule, by a derivative basis: mason, leaflet, locker room, community, intervention, etc.

It should be emphasized that the Russian vocabulary itself may contain words with foreign roots that have gone through the path of Russian word formation and are overgrown with Russian suffixes and prefixes: party, non-party, aggressiveness; ruler, glass, teapot; words with a complex base: radio center, locomotive, as well as many complex abbreviated words that replenished our language in the 20th century: Moscow Art Theater, timber industry enterprise, wall newspaper, etc.

The original Russian vocabulary continues to be replenished with words that are created on the basis of the word-formation resources of the language, as a result of a wide variety of processes characteristic of Russian word formation.

LECTURE 10. RUSSIAN LANGUAGE VOCABULARY AND ITS DESCRIPTION

Study questions:

Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its origin.

Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its active and passive stock.

Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of the sphere of its use.

Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its stylistic differentiation.

1. Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its origin. The vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language has been formed over many centuries, and the main source of its replenishment has always been its own resources - native Russian words, of which more than 90% are in the vocabulary of SRLYN. From the point of view of the formation of native Russian vocabulary, several historical layers can be found in it:

Words of the common Indo-European fund (the most ancient layer) - those words that passed from the common Indo-European language into Proto-Slavic, from Proto-Slavic into Old Russian, and from Old Russian into the Russian language in its modern understanding - terms of kinship, names of animals, trees, substances, minerals, natural phenomena (mother, brother, daughter, sheep, bull, willow, meat, bone, order, see, barefoot, old);

Words of the Proto-Slavic (common Slavic) language (before the 6th century AD) are words now known to all Slavic peoples (oak, pine, pea, branch, violent, forge);

Words of the Old Russian language (common East Slavic) (from the 6th to the 14th-15th centuries AD) (uncle, nephew, blond, selfless, while away);

Words of modern Russian language (after 14-15 centuries AD)

He played a major role in the formation and development of the Russian literary language. Old Church Slavonic - the language of Slavic translations of Greek books, translations made by Cyril and Methodius and their students in the 2nd half of the 9th century.

Old Slavonicisms have their own signs:

1) phonetic:

incomplete combinations ra, la, re, le (in relation to the Russian full vowels oro, olo, ere);

initial combinations ra, la (with Russian rho, lo);

consonant shch (usually alternating with st) (in Russian h);

initial e in Russian o (esen);

the sound e under stress before hard consonants in Russian ё (o);

combination zhd in the root (in Russian zh);

2) word-forming:

prefixes: pre-, through- (with Russian pere-, through);

suffixes: -stve, -ie, -zn, -yn(ya), -tv(a), -esn(y);

parts of complex words: good(o)-, good(o)-, victims(o)-, evil(o)-;

3) morphological:

superlative suffixes –eysh-, -aysh-;

participial suffixes -ash- (-yush-), -ush- (-yush-)

(in Russian -ach- (-yach-), --uch- (-yuch-)).

The fate of Old Church Slavonicisms in the Russian language has developed differently: in some cases they completely replaced native Russian words, in others Old Church Slavonicisms are used along with Russian words.

With direct contact between peoples, borrowing occurred orally. It was this way that words from Scandinavian, Finnish and Turkic languages ​​came into the Russian language. Words were borrowed from the Latin language in writing. Greekisms were borrowed both orally and in writing.

The earliest borrowings go back to the Scandinavian (Swedish and Norwegian) languages, Finnish, Turkic, etc.

In the 11th-17th centuries from Turkic languages the names of household items, clothing, fabrics, animals, plants, words related to military affairs, trade, etc. were borrowed. These include such as shoe, chest, chieftain, infidel, etc.

Greek words (borrowed at the end of the 10th century) through liturgical books: altar, bible.

Latinisms (borrowed in the 15th-17th centuries through the Polish and Ukrainian languages ​​after Russia adopted Christianity). Currently widely used in international terminology (quorum, colloquium, accommodation).

Borrowings from Western European languages

Germanic languages ​​Romance languages

German

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Goll. English

Fr. It. Spanish

The emergence of this layer of vocabulary is associated with the development of shipbuilding under Peter I (barge, brig, schooner, midshipman);

These words have final stressed vowels in unchangeable nouns, combinations –ue-, -ua- in the middle of the word, final –azh, etc. (luggage, stained glass, blinds, muffler);

First of all, art history terms (aria, bravo, solfeggio) passed from the Italian language into the Russian language;

There are few words in the Russian language that have passed over from the Spanish language (bullfighting, bullfighting, guitar, castanets).

Words that have passed into the Russian language differ in the degree of mastery:

Words that have firmly entered the lexical system of the Russian language and are perceived as originally belonging to it;

Exoticisms are words that are felt by the borrowing language as foreign and for the most part cannot be translated (spaghetti, sir, blinds);

Barbarisms are foreign words. not fully mastered by the borrowing language, most often due to difficulties in grammatical acquisition.

Tracing paper - a word modeled after a corresponding foreign word by conveying its constituent parts using Russian word-formation elements (spelling).

Derivative tracing paper - words that have borrowed the semantics of certain word-forming parts from their foreign language equivalents.

Semantic tracing paper - words that have borrowed one of the lexical meanings from their foreign language equivalents - usually figurative (nail, touch).

Half tracing paper - words consisting of borrowed and original elements, but in word-formation structure corresponding to a foreign language prototype word (humanity, radio broadcast, television).

2. Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its active and passive stock. The central part of the vocabulary consists of words that are relevant for modern speakers of a particular language. These include, first of all, commonly used vocabulary. Such words define the composition active vocabulary of the language .

However, active vocabulary includes not only commonly used words: it also includes special terms and professionalisms that are limited in their use, book words, emotionally expressive vocabulary, etc. The words of active vocabulary have neither a hint of obsolescence nor a hint of novelty.

Passive vocabulary is part of the vocabulary, which includes words that are rarely used in everyday communication and are not always understandable to native speakers. They have either ceased to be relevant, necessary in the process of communication, have become outdated (outdated words), or, on the contrary, appeared relatively recently and have not yet become familiar, relevant, and have not completely entered into general use (neologisms).

Outdated - words that have fallen out of active use, but remain in passive vocabulary. They are divided into two groups: historicisms (words that have fallen out of use due to the fact that the objects or phenomena they designate have passed away from life) and archaisms (outdated names of modern objects, phenomena, supplanted by synonyms from the active vocabulary).

Types of archaisms : phonetic, accentological, morphological, word-formation, actual lexical, semantic.

Neologisms – new words created to designate new objects, phenomena, to express new concepts. At the moment of their appearance, they enter the passive vocabulary and remain neologisms until now, until they lose their connotation of novelty and freshness. Then they become commonly used and enter the active vocabulary, ceasing to be neologisms.

Lexical neologisms - These are newly created and borrowed words.

Semantic neologisms – words that acquired new meanings during a certain historical period.

Occasionalisms – words formed “on occasion” and used once. They are also called individually authored neologisms, created with some kind of violation, deviation from the word formation norm.

Potential - words created according to the laws of systemic word formation and contrasted with real words. Occasional words are contrasted with those commonly accepted in a given society.

3. Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of the scope of its use. In the vocabulary of the modern Russian language, from the point of view of its use, two main layers are distinguished: national words and words limited in their use (functioning) by the dialect and social environment.

Popular vocabulary is a commonly used vocabulary for all Russian speakers. It is the necessary material for the expression of concepts, thoughts and feelings. The bulk of these words are stable and used in all styles of language.

Dialectal vocabulary is characterized by limited use. It is not part of the lexical system of the common language. This or that dialect word belongs to one or more dialects of the national language.

Dialect - a variety of language that functions in a certain territory and is characterized by specific dialectal features (in addition to the features inherent in the entire language).

Dialectal vocabulary - these are words characteristic of one dialect // several dialects. Based on the nature of the differences in dialect vocabulary, contrasted and non-opposed words are distinguished (words that exist in some dialects and are not used in others due to the lack of corresponding objects, concepts, etc.).

Terminology – a set of special words (terms) from various fields of science and technology operating in the field of professional communication.

Term is a word or phrase that is the name of a scientific or technical concept.

Functions of the term : 1) nominative (name); 2) definitive (definitive).

Methods of term formation :

Semantic: metaphorical transfer of meanings of ordinary words to name special concepts - in this case, one of the meanings of a polysemantic word is terminologized;

Morphological: methods of suffixation, prefixation, suffixal-prefixal, addition, abbreviation;

Syntactic: the formation of terms and phrases that can consist of two, three or more words.

Nomenclature - this is a set of special terms-names used in a given scientific field, the names of typical objects of a given science (as opposed to terminology, which includes designations of abstract concepts and categories).

Professionalisms - words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a team, united by any profession.

Slang vocabulary - words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a social or other group of people united by a community of interests and activities. Jargons are devoid of structural linguistic independence and differ from commonly used vocabulary primarily in vocabulary and phraseology.

Argotic vocabulary - this is the vocabulary of groups of people who want to make their language “secret”, incomprehensible to others. The main purpose of argot is to classify the content of speech, the desire to use specially invented or artificially deformed words that are completely incomprehensible to others. This “language” served as one of the ways to protect professional interests or a means of self-defense in conditions of a wandering life, for example, among itinerant artisans and traders, poor musicians. Argotic vocabulary also includes words from the everyday life of declassed groups (thieves, tramps, card sharpers).

4. Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its stylistic differentiation. Language exists as a system of styles, i.e. its functional varieties, each of which is characterized by a certain choice and use of linguistic means corresponding to a particular sphere of communication.

In the stylistics of the Russian language, the following functional styles are usually distinguished: journalistic, official business, scientific and colloquial.

Vocabulary is divided into interstyle (neutral use in all styles) and stylistically painted (usage characteristic of a very specific style and, due to its attachment to it, cannot be used in another).

The starting point in the stylistic differentiation of vocabulary is neutral vocabulary , which represents the main array of words, against the background of which other lexical units are perceived as stylistically colored, assigned in their use to a certain style, one or another functional variety of written or oral speech.

Written vocabulary bears a pronounced imprint of bookishness and belongs exclusively or predominantly to written speech.

High vocabulary used in the field of journalism and oratory. It represents an integral part of the expressive means of fiction, where it realizes special aesthetic functions. Such words have an evaluative meaning, which explains their expressive impact.

Official business vocabulary – is a characteristic feature of the language of official documents and clerical and administrative speech. Official business vocabulary turns out to be limited to a certain sphere of communication and usually does not go beyond its boundaries.

Vocabulary of oral speech is stylistically marked. It is not used in special forms of written speech and has a colloquial flavor.

Conversational vocabulary - these are words that are used in informal, relaxed communication. Being a stylistically colored layer of vocabulary, colloquial vocabulary does not go beyond the vocabulary of the literary language.

Colloquial vocabulary - stylistically reduced words, which, unlike colloquial vocabulary, are outside the strictly standardized literary language.

Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary serves as an important constructive element in organizing everyday conversational style.